Commons:Рамки проекта

From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository

Викисклад (Wikimedia Commons) — это хранилище медиа-файлов, предоставляющее всем свободный доступ к образовательному медиа-контенту (изображениям, звукозаписям и видеороликам), находящемуся в общественном достоянии или выпущенному под одной из свободных лицензий. Проект используется в качестве единого централизованного медиа-репозитория для различных проектов фонда Викимедиа, но вам совершенно необязательно быть участником одного из этих проектов для того, чтобы использовать хранящиеся здесь медиа-файлы.

Эта страница вынужденно получилась довольно объёмной. Краткое изложение на английском языке можно увидеть здесь: Commons:Рамки проекта/Резюме.

[edit] Цели Викисклада

Цель Викисклада — быть хранилищем медиа-файлов,

• которое предоставляет образовательные медиа‐материалы, не охраняемые по законам об авторских правах, либо распространяемые на условиях свободных лицензий, всем;
• которое играет роль общего хранилища для различных проектов фонда Викимедиа.

Слово «образовательный» следует понимать в широком смысле: «содействующий получению знаний, информативный».

[edit] Scope of Commons

To be eligible for hosting on Wikimedia Commons, all files and other content must fall within the Commons scope. Anything uploaded here which falls outside this scope will be deleted.

[edit] Excluded educational content

Certain content is excluded from Commons, not because it is intrinsically non-educational, but because there are other Wikimedia Foundation projects that are more appropriate to host such content. This applies both to media files and to text.

Excluded educational content includes:

• Encyclopedia articles (these may be hosted on Wikipedia).
• News (this may be hosted on Wikinews), general weather reports and the like.
• Files that contain nothing educational other than raw text. Purely textual material such as plain-text versions of recipes, lists of instructions, poetry, fiction, quotations, dictionary definitions and the like are better hosted elsewhere, for example at Wikibooks, Wikiquote, Wiktionary or Wikisource.

However, Commons can be used to host such material if included in a shareable media file that is of use to one of the other WMF projects (so, scanned copies of existing texts that are useful to other WMF projects - eg to serve as the basis of a reliable, verifiable source - are in scope). Also allowed are files which embody something of value over and above raw text. For example, files consisting of scans of out-of-copyright books, newspapers and the like which preserve original font, layout, embedded images and the like are within scope.

[edit] Scope part 1: Files

Uploaded files are within scope only if they comply with all of the following conditions. Каждый файл:

• должен быть медиа‐файлом
• должен быть в допустимом свободном файловом формате
• должен быть свободно лицензирован (распространяться на условиях свободной лицензии) или находиться в общественном достоянии
• Must be realistically useful for an educational purpose
• Must not contain only excluded educational content.

These are explained in more detail below.

[edit] Должен быть медиа‐файлом

Wikimedia Commons hosts only media files such as photographs, scanned images, diagrams, animations, audio (eg music, spoken dialogue) and video clips, along with any associated metadata. Explanatory and other text is permitted on the file page only to the extent to which it advances Commons' aims and is not excluded educational content. Advertising/promotional material does not advance Commons' aims.

Следующие материалы не считаются медиа‐файлами, и не могут храниться на Викискладе:

• Компьютерные программы в любом виде, включая двоичные исполняемые файлы и исходные тексты. Сюда не входят описания файлов и метаданные; например, описание изображения может содержать исходные данные и код, использованные для его создания.^[1]
• Files which are representative merely of raw text (eg ASCII files, raw source code listings as mentioned above, etc).

[edit] Должен быть в допустимом свободном файловом формате

Принимаются файлы только в свободных форматах. Использование собственнических (проприетарных) форматов, таких как форматы документов Microsoft Word и Excel, MP3, AAC, WMA, MPEG, AVI и тому подобных, не допускается. More generally, any file that requires an unfree program in order to access its content is prohibited.

Список разрешённых в настоящее время форматов файлов можно найти на Commons:Project scope/Allowable file types.

[edit] Must be freely licensed or public domain

Wikimedia Commons accepts only free content, in other words files that are either freely licensed or which are in the public domain. A file is considered public domain if either all copyright has expired or if the copyright owner(s) has voluntarily placed the content of the file into the public domain by irrevocably renouncing all copyright. A file which is ineligible for copyright protection is also considered public domain.

Any file hosted here must normally be freely licensed or public domain according to both the law of the United States and according to the law of the source country, if different: see Commons:Licensing.

[edit] Обязательные условия лицензии

To be considered freely licensed, the copyright owner has to release the file under an irrevocable licence which:

• Разрешает свободное использование в любых целях (включая коммерческие)
• Разрешает создание производных работ

[edit] Недопустимые условия лицензии

Следующие условия недопустимы:

• Использование только в некоммерческих или только в образовательных целях.
• Ограничения на создание производных работ (за исключением копилефта)
• A requirement for payment or for notification of use (these can be requested but not required)
• Restrictions on where the work may be used (e.g. use allowed on Wikipedia only)

Licences with these restrictions are allowed as long as the work is dual-licensed (or multi-licensed) with at least one licensing option that does not include such a restriction.

"Licences" which purport to allow fair use only are not allowed. (Fair use is not a right that can be licensed by a copyright owner, and is in any event never accepted on Commons).

[edit] Допустимые условия лицензии

Допускаются следующие дополнительные условия:

• A requirement that the copyright owner(s) be named ("attribution")
• A requirement that any derivative works must be licensed under the same terms as the original ("share-alike"/"copyleft")

Licensing policy is defined in detail at Commons:Licensing.

[edit] Evidence

It is for the uploader to supply suitable evidence, where required, to demonstrate either that the file is in the public domain or that the copyright owner has released it under a suitable licence. Typically that requires at least that the source of the file be specified, along with the original source where the file constitutes a derivative work. Also, the copyright owner/author should be identified, if known or reasonably ascertainable. Where there is any query, evidence may need to be supplied that the copyright owner has indeed released the file under the purported licence.

Where the file is a photograph which shows an identifiable person, the subject's consent is also required in the circumstances set out at Commons:Photographs of identifiable people.

In all cases, the burden of proof lies on the uploader or other person arguing for the file to be retained to demonstrate that so far as can reasonably be ascertained:

• the file is properly licensed (or is in the public domain), and
• that any required consent has been obtained.

[edit] Precautionary principle

Commons’ users aim to build and maintain in good faith a repository of media files which to the best of our knowledge are free or freely-licensed. The precautionary principle is that where there is significant doubt about the freedom of a particular file it should be deleted.

Also, arguments that amount to “we can get away with it”, such as the following, run counter to Commons’ aims:

• “The copyright owner will not bother to sue or cannot afford to.”
• “The copyright owner will never find out.”
• “The copyright owner will not mind/should be pleased that we have disseminated his/her work.”
• “Nobody knows who the copyright owner is, so it really doesn’t matter.”
• “The file is obviously common property. It can be found all over the internet and nobody has complained.”

[edit] Must be realistically useful for an educational purpose

The expression “educational” is to be understood according to its broad meaning of “providing knowledge; instructional or informative”.

In the sections below, any use that is not made in good faith does not count. For example, images that are being used on a talk page just to make a point can be discounted.

[edit] File in use in another Wikimedia project

A media file that is in use on one of the other projects of the Wikimedia Foundation is considered automatically to be useful for an educational purpose, as is a file in use for some operational reason such as within a template or the like. Such a file is not liable to deletion simply because it may be of poor quality: if it is in use, that is enough.

An otherwise non-educational file does not acquire educational purpose solely because it is in use on a user page (the "User:" namespace) of another project, but by custom the uploading of small numbers of images (eg of yourself) for use on a personal user page of another project is allowed.

[edit] File in use on Commons only

An otherwise non-educational file does not acquire educational purpose solely because it is in use on a gallery page or in a category on Commons, nor solely because it is in use on a user page (the "User:" namespace), but by custom the uploading of small numbers of images (eg of yourself) for use on a personal Commons user page is allowed. Files relating to projects or events of the Wikimedia Foundation are also allowed (eg photographs of user meetings).

[edit] File not legitimately in use

A media file which is neither:

• realistically useful for an educational purpose, nor
• legitimately in use as discussed above

falls outside the scope of Wikimedia Commons.

The emphasis here is on realistic utility, either for one of the Wikimedia projects or for some other educational use. Not all images for example are realistically useful for an educational purpose, and an image does not magically become useful by arguing that “it could be used to illustrate a Wikipedia article on X”, where X happens to be the subject of the image.

For example, the fact that an unused blurred photograph could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on “Common mistakes in photography” does not mean that we should keep all blurred photographs. The fact that an unused snapshot of your friend could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on “Photographic portraiture” does not mean that we should keep all photographs of unknown people. The fact that an unused pornographic image could theoretically be used to illustrate an article on pornography does not mean that we should keep all pornographic images (see also Censorship).

[edit] Examples

Examples of files that are not realistically useful for an educational purpose:

• Private image collections, e.g. private party photos, photos of yourself and your friends, your collection of holiday snaps and so on. There are plenty of other projects on the Internet you can use for such a purpose, such as Flickr. Such private image collections do not become educational even if displayed as a gallery on a user page on Commons or elsewhere.
• Self-created artwork without obvious educational use.
• Files apparently created and/or uploaded for the purpose of vandalism or attack. Pre-existing designs and symbols that are or have been associated with nationalistic, religious or racist causes are not out of scope solely because they may cause offence. Provided they are legal to host and otherwise fall within Commons scope (e.g. if they could for example be used to illustrate a Wikipedia article on a hate group) they should be kept.
• Advertising or self-promotion.
• Files that add nothing educationally distinct to the collection of images we already hold covering the same subject, especially if they are of poor or mediocre quality.

[edit] Discussion

We hold many high quality images of species-identified birds, and there is no realistic educational use for a small, blurry, poorly composed snapshot of an unidentified and unidentifiable bird. Of course, there is always room for another educationally distinct image, for example illustrating some aspect of bird behaviour that we do not currently cover, even if the image is perhaps not of the highest quality.

There may sometimes be an argument for retaining multiple images that are (from an educational point of view) quite similar, for the sake of variety and availability of choice, but there is no purpose in our hosting tens or even hundreds of essentially identical poor quality images that have no realistic educational value.

New educational files of exceptional quality are always welcome, and the later uploading of such files may in principle render earlier unused poor quality files educationally redundant. However, as indicated above, a file that is use in good faith on a Wikimedia project is always considered educational, so a poor quality file that remains in use is not liable to deletion even if a better-quality file covering the same subject later becomes available.

New and existing files of poor or mediocre quality may or may not be realistically useful for an educational purpose depending on what they illustrate and what other files we have of the same subject. Where a subject is rare and/or difficult to capture, even a poor quality file may be of significant educational value, especially if Commons has very few or no similar files already. On the other hand, poor or mediocre files of common and easy to capture subjects may have no realistic educational value, especially if Commons already hosts many similar or better quality examples.

Image quality is just one of the factors that may limit the educational usefulness of a file. Other limiting factors may include low-resolution and hard-to-remove watermarks.

[edit] Форматы PDF и DjVu

Although PDF and DjVu file formats are permitted, they are expected to be used only in appropriate cases. There should be some reason for the choice of format that is in line with Commons' aims. All of the above rules apply as well, of course.

An admin considering whether to delete a PDF or DjVu file may have to exercise judgement as to whether the chosen format is in line with Commons' aims, and the context and intent (if known) may be relevant. For example, while a published University thesis in PDF format may be OK, a user-created original-research article that is making use of Commons as a free web-host may not be.

Files that might realistically be useful to one or more other Wikimedia projects, eg Wikisource or Wikibooks, should be kept; deletions should not be based on the sole ground that the file would be better hosted on one of those other projects. Any media file that is realistically useful to or is within the scope of even one other Wikimedia Foundation project can be hosted here.

[edit] Allowable reasons for PDF and DjVu formats

• The format has been selected for convenience of printing
• The format has been selected to allow viewing or printing of special fonts (eg documents in advanced mathematics or linguistics)
• The file would be within the scope of another project of the Wikimedia Foundation if it were to be uploaded in the same format to that project, for example:
  • a Pdf or Djvu file of a published and peer-reviewed work would be in scope on Wikisource and is therefore also in scope on Commons. Examples of in-scope documents include published books (but not vanity-publishing), peer-reviewed academic papers etc, university theses and dissertations
  • the file is a scan of a document of historic or other external significance (eg scans of existing copyright-free or licensed books, reports, newspapers etc)
  • the file is usable as a fixed, verifiable source document, for eg Wikisource or Wikibooks (appropriate fixation of content)
  • the format selected provides technical advantages to at least one other Wikimedia Foundation project

[edit] Non-allowable reasons for PDF and DjVu formats

• The format has apparently been selected by the author or uploader to prevent or to discourage the creation of derivative works contrary to Commons' aims. Such inappropriate fixation of content would include a self-published vanity article or a self-created image that the author has uploaded in Pdf format in an effort to discourage others from creating derivatives
• The content is essentially raw text (such files are not considered media files). Note that scans of existing books, reports, newspapers etc of historic or other external significance are not excluded on this ground, even if they contain no images.
• The content would be prohibited under another section (for example, promotional material is outside Commons' scope regardless of the file format).

[edit] Scope part 2: Pages, galleries and categories

See Commons:Project scope/Pages, galleries and categories.

[edit] A word on some areas of particular concern

[edit] Censorship

Files and other material which are not lawful for Commons to host on its servers in Florida will be deleted on sight even if they otherwise fall within Commons scope as set out above. However, Commons is not censored and does quite legitimately contain content that some readers may consider objectionable or offensive. The lack of censorship means that a lawfully-hosted file that is within scope will not be deleted solely on the grounds that it may not be “child-friendly” or that it may or does offend you or others for moral, religious, social or other reasons.

The counterpoint to that is that the statement “Commons is not censored” is not a valid argument for keeping a file that falls outside the permitted Commons scope, as set out above. Photographs of nudity and male and female genitalia are sometimes uploaded for non-educational motives, and such images are not exempt from the requirement to comply with the rules on scope. Often (but not always) such images add nothing educationally distinct to the stock of such images we hold already, and hence fail the test of being realistically useful for an educational purpose.

A balance has to be struck between on the one hand accepting legitimate new high-quality educational content that some may find offensive, and on the other allowing Commons servers to become swamped with large quantities of quasi-pornographic images created for recreational rather than educational purposes. The latter would harm the reputation of Commons as a good faith provider of educational content.

[edit] "Neutral point of view"

[edit] Media files

Commons is not Wikipedia, and files uploaded here do not necessarily need to comply with the Neutral point of view and No original research requirements imposed by many of the Wikipedia sites. Commons acts amongst other things as a common media file resource for all Wikimedia projects, and we stand apart from the rules that may be imposed locally by each of those individual projects.

It is not the role of Commons to adjudicate on subject-matter disputes nor to force local projects to use one version of a file in preference to another. Provided that a file falls within Commons scope, and can be legally hosted, we make it available. Whether and under what conditions it is actually used is a matter for the local communities of the individual projects to decide.

Images having particular national, political or religious significance including flags, emblems and maps can arouse strong passions, but Commons is not the place to decide which of various competing versions is the correct or official version. If you feel strongly that a map, emblem, flag or other file hosted here is “wrong” in some way please try to persuade your local wiki community to make use of the version you prefer instead. Examples of subject matter disputes that are not appropriate here include:

• Maps: “The author is trying to push a nationalistic/political/religious point of view by showing the national boundary in the wrong place", "the towns have been labeled with a non-approved name or in wrong language", "the map shows a state that has no legal recognition”.
• Flags/emblems: “That is not the official version”, “the colors are not officially-approved”, “that design is used by a terrorist group”.
• Photographs: “This is propaganda”

Such subject-matter disputes remain inappropriate even when they are expressed (as they normally are) in absolute terms: “that flag does not exist”; “that boundary is wrong”; “that country does not exist”.

If an author has made a factual mistake and there is no serious dispute about this being the case, the file may fail the test of being useful for an educational purpose. Such files can be deleted on that basis, provided that they are not in use. Where an alleged error generates significant dispute, however, the image should be kept and the dispute left to the individual wiki communities to resolve. As stated above, files that are in use in another Wikimedia project are in any event considered of educational interest and are not liable to deletion on the grounds that they are "wrong" in some way.

[edit] Text

For the reasons given above, it may not always be possible for file names and related descriptive text to be "neutral". However, neutrality of description should be aimed at wherever possible, and in any event neither filenames nor text may be phrased in such a way as to constitute vandalism, attack or deliberate provocation.

[edit] Примечания

1. ↑ {{Source code please}} — шаблон для запроса такого кода.

[edit] See also

• Commons:Deletion policy
• Commons:What Commons is not