Commons:라이선스

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이 문서는 전문 법률인이 아닌 사용자에게 구체적인 예를 통하여 복잡한 저작권법의 개요를 설명하고 있습니다. 이 문서를 통해서 파일을 업로드하는 사용자는 자신이 올리는 그림이나 미디어 자료가 위키미디어 공용에 올리기에 적합한지 판단하는데 도움을 받을 수 있습니다. 위키미디어 공용은 자유 콘텐츠만을 허용하고 있습니다. 이것은 누구라도, 언제나, 어떤 목적으로든 사용할 수 있는 그림과 미디어 자료를 말합니다.[1] 자세한 설명은 아래를 보세요. 위키미디어 공용에서 허용하는 미디어 자료는 다음과 같습니다. 명백한 자유 라이선스 자료, 또는 적어도 미국과 자료가 제작된 국가 내에서 퍼블릭 도메인인 자료. 위키미디어 공용은 공정 이용을 바탕으로 한 파일 사용을 지향하지 않습니다. 자세한 것은 Commons:fair use를 보세요. 또한, 비영리로만 사용할 수 있는 라이선스로 배포하는 파일도 허용하지 않습니다. 그림이나 미디어 자료에 적용되는 라이선스는 저작권 태그를 사용하여 파일의 설명 문서를 통해 명확하게 표시하여야 합니다. 또한, 반드시 사용하는 라이선스의 필수 정보를 설명 문서에 표시하여야 합니다. 제공한 정보는 라이선스 상태를 다른 사용자들이 충분히 검증할 수 있는 것이어야 합니다. 이러한 정보 제공은 업로드 양식의 요약 공간을 사용하는 것이 최선의 방법입니다. 저작권 소유자에게 사용 허가를 받고자 한다면 메일 양식을 이용해 보세요.

Contents 1 허용하는 라이선스 1.1 복합 라이선스 1.2 대표적인 라이선스 2 라이선스 정보 2.1 라이선스 적용 범위 3 퍼블릭 도메인 자료 3.1 미국 저작권법과 외국 저작권법의 상호 작용 4 공정 이용 허용 불가 5 이차적 저작물 6 단순한 디자인 6.1 글꼴 7 대조표 7.1 OK 올릴 수 있음 7.2 기준에 따라 올릴 수 있거나 없음 7.3 올릴 수 없음 8 국제법 8.1 문학·예술적 저작물의 보호를 위한 베른 협약 8.2 유럽 저작권법 9 Country-specific laws 9.1 Afghanistan 9.2 Albania 9.3 Algeria 9.4 Andorra 9.5 Arab States 9.6 Armenia 9.7 Argentina 9.8 Australia 9.8.1 Government-produced works 9.8.2 Non-government works 9.9 Austria 9.9.1 Freedom of panorama 9.9.2 Official works 9.10 Azerbaijan 9.11 Belarus 9.12 Belgium 9.13 Brazil 9.13.1 Freedom of panorama 9.14 Canada 9.15 China 9.15.1 People's Republic of China 9.15.2 Hong Kong 9.15.3 Macau 9.15.4 Republic of China 9.16 Colombia 9.17 Czech Republic 9.18 Denmark 9.19 Egypt 9.20 Estonia 9.21 Finland 9.21.1 People 9.22 France 9.22.1 Images from public sites 9.22.2 Wartime copyright extensions 9.22.3 Works of arts, including architecture, exhibited in public spaces 9.23 Germany 9.23.1 Freedom of panorama 9.23.2 Official works 9.24 Greece 9.24.1 Duration of copyright protection 9.24.2 Exemptions from copyright 9.25 Hungary 9.26 India 9.27 Indonesia 9.28 Iran 9.29 Iraq 9.30 Ireland 9.31 Israel 9.32 Italy 9.33 Jamaica 9.34 Japan 9.35 Jordan 9.36 Kenya 9.37 Kuwait 9.38 Lebanon 9.39 Malaysia 9.40 Mexico 9.41 Mongolia 9.42 Morocco 9.43 Namibia 9.44 Netherlands 9.45 New Zealand 9.46 Norway 9.47 Pakistan 9.48 Paraguay 9.49 Peru 9.50 The Philippines 9.51 Poland 9.52 Romania 9.53 Russia and former Soviet Union 9.54 Saudi Arabia 9.55 Slovakia 9.56 Slovenia 9.57 South Africa 9.58 South Korea 9.59 Spain 9.60 Sudan 9.61 Sweden 9.62 Switzerland 9.63 Syria 9.64 Taiwan 9.65 Tajikistan 9.66 Turkey 9.67 United Kingdom 9.67.1 Crown copyright 9.67.2 Parliamentary copyright 9.67.3 Ordinary copyright 9.67.4 Typographical copyright 9.67.5 Publication right 9.67.6 Database right 9.67.7 Exceptions to copyright 9.68 United States 9.68.1 Works by the US Government 9.69 Yemen 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links

[edit] 허용하는 라이선스

저작권 라이선스는 누가 저작권이 있는 자료를 사용할 수 있으며, 어떻게 사용할 수 있는지에 대한 공식적인 승인 상태를 말합니다. 라이선스는 오직 저작권을 가지고 있는 사람만이 부여할 수 있으며, 이는 주로 자료의 제작자에 해당합니다. (사진사, 화가 등)

공용에서 저작권이 있는 모든 자료는 반드시 자유 라이선스로 배포되어야 합니다. 자유 라이선스는 누구나 자료를 어떤 목적으로든지 사용할 수 있다는 것을 뜻합니다. 라이선스는 개별적으로 반드시 아래의 사항이 지켜져야만 합니다.

• 재발행 및 재배포 허가는 반드시 필요하다.
• 이차적 저작물의 공개 허가는 반드시 필요하다.
• 작품의 상업적 이용 허가는 반드시 필요하다.
• 라이선스는 만료 없이 영구히 적용되며 폐지할 수 없다.
• 작품 제작자/배포자의 표시를 요구할 수도 있다.
• 이차적 저작물의 공개에 같은 라이선스를 적용하도록 요구할 수도 있다.
• 디지털 권리 관리(DRM)에 자유로운 오픈 파일 형식을 사용하도록 요구할 수 있다.

아래의 제약은 그림이나 기타 미디어 자료에 절대로 적용할 수 없습니다.

• 위키미디어에서만 사용 가능 (이곳에서 허용하는 유일한 비자유 라이선스 자료는 위키미디어 재단이 저작권을 소유한 위키미디어 로고와 관련 디자인).
• 비영리 및 교육 목적으로만 사용 가능.
• 공정 이용으로만 사용 가능.
• 모두 혹은 일부를 사용할 시 제작자에게 반드시 알림.

예를 들어서, 다음과 같은 경우는 일반적으로 허용이 불가능합니다.

• 소프트웨어의 스크린샷은 자유 라이선스로 배포할 수 없습니다. 하지만 소프트웨어의 스크린샷에 GPL 또는 비슷한 자유 소프트웨어 라이선스가 적용될 경우에는 배포할 수 있습니다. Commons:Screenshots을 참고하세요.
• TV/DVD/비디오게임 스크린샷. Commons:Screenshots을 참고하세요.
• 저작권이 있는 예술 작품의 스캔 및 사진 복제. 특히 책 표지, 앨범/CD 표지 등. Commons:Derivative works를 참고하세요.
• 저작권이 있는 상징, 로고 등. (상표와 혼동하지 않도록 주의)
• 모델, 가면, 완구 등 만화나 영화 캐릭터와 같이 저작권이 있는 작품을 표현한 사물. (특정한 역할이 아닌 개별 배우는 해당 없음) Commons:Derivative works를 참고하세요.

공용은 저작권의 보호를 받지 않는 작품 또한 허용하고 있습니다. (퍼블릭 도메인 작품) 이 문서 아래의 퍼블릭 도메인 문단을 참고하세요.

For an explanation of the justification for this licensing policy, see Commons:Licensing/Justifications.

[edit] 복합 라이선스

파일에는 원하는 만큼 많은 라이선스를 부여할 수 있지만, 부여한 라이선스 중에서 적어도 하나 이상은 위의 자유 라이선스 기준에 적합해야 합니다. 예를 들어서, "비영리" 라이선스로 배포하는 파일은 상업적 이용을 허가하는 자유 라이선스도 동시에 적용하는 경우에만 허용받을 수 있습니다.

이용 제한이 있는 라이선스이 포함된 복합 라이선스는 다른 프로젝트의 라이선스 정책과 호환성에 적합한 경우가 있습니다. 또한, 복합 라이선스를 따르는 이차적 저작물 제작자 본인이 원한다면, 제한된 라이선스를 통해서만 배포하는 것도 가능합니다. 이렇게 해서 이차적 제작물의 제작자가 자신의 작품에 적용할 수 있는 라이선스 선택의 자유도도 더욱 높아질 수 있습니다.

[edit] 대표적인 라이선스

공용의 자료에는 다음의 대표적인 라이선스를 추천하고 있습니다.

• 크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시/동일조건변경허락 라이선스
• GNU 자유 문서 사용 허가서 (GFDL)
• GNU GNU 일반 공중 사용 허가서 (GPL) / GNU 약소 일반 공중 사용 허가서 (LGPL)
• 프리 아트 라이선스

다시 한번 말하지만, 퍼블릭 도메인 상태인 작품도 허용하고 있습니다. (아래 참고) 자세한 정보는 Commons:저작권 태그를 참고하세요.

주의: GFDL은 사진과 짧은 텍스트, 특히 인쇄 매체로 배포할 때는 비실용적입니다. 배포할 때에 라이선스의 전문을 함께 표시하는 것을 요구하고 있기 때문입니다. 따라서 GFDL 이외의 크리에이티브 커먼즈 라이선스와 같이 사진이나 텍스트를 간단하게 재사용할 수 있는 라이선스를 부가해 복합 라이선스로 배포하는 것이 바람직합니다. 또한, GPL 및 LGPL은 소프트웨어 이외에는 적합하지 않기 때문에, 가능한한 직접 제작한 자료의 단독 라이선스로 선택하지 않는 것이 좋습니다.

자유 문화적 작품 정의에 부합하는 라이선스에서 사용할 수 없는 자료는 명백하게 허용하지 않습니다. 자세한 정보는 위키미디어 재단의 라이선스에 관한 이사회 결의를 참고하세요.

인터넷에서는 일반적이지만 공용에서는 금지하는 라이선스 상태의 예:

• 크리에이티브 커먼즈 비영리 (-NC) 라이선스
• 크리에이티브 커먼즈 변경금지 (-ND) 라이선스
• 공정 이용, 공정 딜링을 비롯한 비슷한 종류의 법적인 예외 기준에서만 사용할 수 있는 비라이선스 자료 (이유는 아래 부분에)

허용하지 않는 라이선스는 오직 최소한 한 개의 허용하는 라이선스가 포함된 복합 라이선스일 경우에만 공용에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

[edit] 라이선스 정보

공용의 모든 설명 문서에는 반드시 자료가 어떤 라이선스로 공개되었는지 분명하게 표시해야 하며, 반드시 라이선스가 필요로 하는 정보 (제작자 등)도 포함하고 있어야 합니다. 또한, 라이선스 자체나 저작권법에서 요구하지 않더라도 다른 사람이 라이선스 상태를 확인할 수 있는 정보 (출처 링크)를 표시해야 합니다.

특히 다음과 같은 정보는 라이선스의 요구 여부에 상관없이 반드시 설명 문서에 표시되어 있어야 합니다:

• 자료에 적용된 라이선스. 저작권 태그를 사용하여 표시해야 합니다.
• 자료의 출처. 올린 사람이 제작자일 경우, 명확하게 표시해야 합니다. (예: "올린 사람이 제작", "자작" 등) 그 이외의 경우에는 웹 링크나 인용 정보를 기재해주세요. 주의: "위키백과에서 가져옴"과 같은 표시는 일반적으로 위키백과에서 처음 공개된 것이 아닌 이상 부적절한 출처로 여겨지고 있으며, 그 대신에 자료의 원래 출처를 제공하여야 합니다.
• 그림 또는 미디어 자료의 제작자'. 저작권이 만료되어 퍼블릭 도메인으로 여겨지는 자료의 경우, 제작자의 사망일자를 필수로 제공해야 하는 경우도 있습니다. (아래의 퍼블릭 도메인 자료 문단 참고) 올린 사람이 저작자임을 뜻하는 라이선스 틀 (예: {{PD-self}})은 이 항목을 대체할 수 없습니다. 유일하게 예외로 하는 것은 제작자가 익명을 요구하는 경우와 제작자를 알 수 없지만 퍼블릭 도메인으로 판명되는 확실한 정보 (제작 및 공개 일자)가 있는 자료일 경우입니다.

다음의 정보는 중요도가 높지 않지만 가능한 한 표시되어 있어야 합니다.:

• 그림 또는 미디어 자료의 설명. 무엇을 나타냅니까? 어떻게 만들어졌습니까?
• 제작한 장소와 날짜. 저작권이 만료되어 퍼블릭 도메인으로 여겨지는 자료의 경우, 작성 날짜를 필수로 제공해야 하는 경우도 있습니다. (아래의 퍼블릭 도메인 자료 문단 참고)

이상의 설명 항목을 작성할 때는 정보 틀을 사용하는 것을 추천합니다. 이 틀을 사용하는 방법은 Commons:초보자 길라잡이/화질과 설명을 참고하세요.

[edit] 라이선스 적용 범위

경우에 따라서는 문서 (미디어 파일)가 복합된 요소로 구성되어 있어서 각 요소마다 라이선스를 부여할 수도 있습니다. 작품의 주요 부분에 기여한 모든 사람은 그 결과에 대한 권리를 가지고 있으며, 자료를 자유 라이선스로 공개하는 것에 각자가 모두 동의하여야 합니다. 자세한 정보는 이차적 저작물을 참고하세요. 하지만 이러한 구별은 명확하지 않으며, 나라마다 견해가 다를 수도 있습니다. 아래는 구체적인 예를 통한 설명입니다.

• 음악 녹음은 다음의 요소가 자유 라이선스 (또는 퍼블릭 도메인)로 공개되어야 하며, 그 정보를 표시하여야 합니다.
  • 음악의 악보 (작곡가의 권리)
  • 노래의 가사 (작사가의 권리)
  • 연주 (연주자의 권리)
  • 녹음 (녹음 기사 / 녹음 회사의 권리)

• 예술 작품 그림 (서적 표지 등) 또한 비슷합니다.
  • 예술 작품의 본래 제작자는 모든 복제물과 이차적 저작물의 권리를 갖습니다.
  • 본래 작품의 단순한 복제물이 아닐 경우에는 사진가가 권리를 갖습니다.

• 건축물의 사진의 경우, 건축 양식의 독창성이 인정될 경우 건축가가 그 권리를 가질 수도 있습니다. Commons:Freedom of panorama를 참고하세요.

예술 작품이 사진의 주요 대상이 아닐 경우나, 분명하게 식별되지 않는 경우에는 종종 복잡한 문제가 될 수도 있습니다. 이럴 때는 보통 최종적으로 만들어진 사진 (녹음 등)을 제작한 사람이 권리를 갖습니다. 예를 들어서, 박물관에 있는 관람객 집단을 사진 촬영했을 때, 사진에서 벽에 걸려 있는 그림이 찍혔을 수도 있습니다. 그렇다고 해서 이 그림의 저작자의 권리를 고려할 필요는 없습니다. 그러나 이러한 경우에 대한 구별은 매우 명확하지 않는 편입니다.

자료의 모든 요소는 명확하게 라이선스를 결정하고 표시하여만 하는 것을 명심하세요.

복제물은 일반적으로 저작권을 주장할 수 없습니다. 그림의 디지털 사진을 제작한 사람에게는 그 결과물에 대한 저작권이 없습니다. 관련이 되는 저작권은 오직 본래의 그림에만 있습니다. 이것은 스크린샷에서도 적용됩니다.

[edit] 퍼블릭 도메인 자료

공용에서는 퍼블릭 도메인 자료를 허용하고 있습니다. 퍼블릭 도메인은 저작권 보호 대상이 아닌 자료, 또는 저작권 보호 기간이 만료한 자료를 뜻합니다. 하지만 "퍼블릭 도메인"은 확실히 정의를 내리기에는 복잡한 부분이 있습니다. 나라마다 저작권법이 다르기 때문에, 한 나라에서 퍼블릭 도메인으로 정의하여도 다른 나라에서는 저작권이 만료하지 않은 경우도 있습니다. 베른 협약과 같이 부분적인 최소 기준을 정한 국제 협약이 있지만, 각 국가는 이러한 최소 기준에 추가로 제한을 줄 수 있는 자유가 있습니다. 전체에 적용할 수 있는 확실한 일반적 기준은 작품의 제작자의 사망 후 70년이 경과한 경우이며, 그 작품은 제작자가 시민권을 보유하고 있는 나라 및 그 작품이 최초로 공개된 나라에서 퍼블릭 도메인이 됩니다. 제작자를 알 수 없거나 공동 합작 (예: 백과사전)인 작품일 경우, 일반적으로 최초 공개일로부터 70년이 경과하면 퍼블릭 도메인이라고 볼 수 있습니다.

많은 나라에서는 저작권 보호 기간을 70년으로 정하고 있습니다. 미국에서는 역사적 정황으로 인해 이보다 더욱 복잡한 기준을 정하고 있습니다. 미국에서는 일반적으로 저작권 만료 시기를 다음과 같이 규정하고 있습니다.

• 1978년 이전에 최초 공개한 저작물: 최초 공개일 후 95년 간
• 1978년 또는 그 이후에 최초 공개한 저작물: 제작자 사망 후 70년 경과, 제작자를 알 수 없거나 직무상 저작물일 경우, 최초 공개일 후 95년 간 또는 제작일로부터 120년 간

1978년 이전에 제작하여 1978년 또는 그 이후에 최초 공개한 저작물은 몇가지 특별한 규정을 정하고 있습니다. 이 규정은 미국을 비롯해 다른 나라에서 제작한 작품에도 적용됩니다.

퍼블릭 도메인 자료에도 공개된 날짜와 장소 표시는 필수입니다. 일부 나라에서는, 일정한 시기 이전에 공개된 작품을 퍼블릭 도메인으로 인정하고 있습니다. 미국에서는 1923년 1월 1일에 해당합니다. 또한, 어떤 나라에서는 정부가 공개하는 모든 작품을 퍼블릭 도메인으로 공개하기도 하며, 저작권의 일부만을 주장하는 나라, 사용을 매우 제한하는 나라도 있습니다. (아래의 각 국가별 설명 참고)

미국과 미국 이외의 저작물에 관해서, 미국에서 가결된 법 (우루과이 라운드 행동 협약, URAA)에 따라 URAA가 정한 날짜에 의해 본래 국가에서 저작권 보호를 받는 외국 작품의 저작권이 미국에서 인정되는 경우도 있습니다. 이 URAA 날짜는 대부분의 나라에서 1996년 1월 1일로 정하고 있습니다. 즉 URAA 날짜 이전에 미국 내에서 퍼블릭 도메인이었던 외국 작품도 미국에서 다시 저작권 보호를 받게 되는 것입니다. 자세한 정보는 Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights를 참고하세요.

일부 나라의 법 (미국 등)에서는 자신의 작품을 스스로 퍼블릭 도메인으로 공개하는 것도 가능합니다. 다른 나라의 법 (유럽 연합 등)에서는 이러한 행동이 기술적으로 불가능하지만, 대신에 예를 들어 작품을 크리에이티브 커먼즈 라이선스로 공개하여 자유롭게 사용할 수 있는 권리를 제공할 수도 있습니다.

[edit] 미국 저작권법과 외국 저작권법의 상호 작용

코몬즈에서는, 「모나리자」의 충실한 복제는 모두 퍼블릭·도메인에 있다고 생각하고 있습니다.자세한 것은 「예외」를 참조해 주세요.]] 공용은 국제 프로젝트이지만, 서버는 미국 내에 위치하고 있으며, 최대한으로 다시 사용할 수 있는 컨텐츠를 제공하는 것이 목적입니다. 미국 이외의 국가의 자료를 올릴 경우에는 보통 퍼블릭 도메인, 또는 미국과 작품이 제작된 나라에 유효한 자유 라이선스로 공개하였을 때만 허용하고 있습니다. 작품이 "제작된 나라"는 일반적으로 작품이 처음으로 공개된 나라를 의미합니다.

미국 이외의 나라에서 자료를 올리는 경우에는 보통 해당 국가와 미국의 저작권법이 적용됩니다. 제 3자의 웹사이트에 저장된 자료를 공용에 올릴 때는 미국과 올리는 사람이 사는 나라, 그리고 웹 서버가 설치되어 있는 나라의 저작권법이 적용됩니다. 이와 같이, 올리는 자료에 적용하는 모든 라이선스는 관계되는 국가의 법에 따라 적용됩니다. 자료를 퍼블릭 도메인으로 공개할 경우에는, 반드시 적용되는 국가의 모든 법 (저작물의 제작국 포함)에 따라 퍼블릭 도메인인 경우여야만 공용에서 허용할 수 있습니다.

예를 들어서, 영국에 거주하는 사용자가 프랑스 웹사이트에 저장된 사진을 공용 서버에 올렸다고 할 때, 이 사진은 영국과 프랑스, 미국의 저작권법이 적용됩니다. 이 사진을 공용에 올리기 위해서는 프랑스와 영국, 미국에서 퍼블릭 도메인이여야 하거나, 영국과 미국, 프랑스에서 허용할 수 있는 저작권 라이선스로 자료를 공개하여야 합니다.

예외: 퍼블릭 도메인으로 공개된 이차원 예술 작품의 정확한 복제는 위키미디어 재단의 2008년 7월 입장 견해에 따라서 그런 사진 또한 퍼블릭 도메인으로 인정되어 위의 규정에서 예외로 합니다. 자세한 정보는 Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag를 참고하세요.

[edit] 공정 이용 허용 불가

위키미디어 공용은 공정 이용 컨텐츠를 허용하지 않습니다 Commons:Fair use를 참고하세요.

[edit] 이차적 저작물

만약 미키 마우스의 사진을 원한다면, 당연한 이야기지만 그것을 스캔할 수는 없습니다. 그렇다면 작은 액션 피규어 사진을 찍어서 올리는 것은 어떨까요? 역시, 그것도 안됩니다. 피규어와 같은 사진을 올릴 수 없는 이유는 이것이 이차적 저작물로 간주될 수도 있기 때문입니다. 이차적 저작물은 원래 제작자의 허락 없이는 공개할 수 없습니다.

미국의 1976년 저작권법 제101조에서는 다음과 같이 말하고 있습니다. "이차적 저작물은 번역, 편곡, 극화, 소설화, 영화화, 녹음, 미술품 복제, 요약 또는 그 외 저작물을 개작, 변형, 번안한 형식과 같이, 하나 또는 그 이상의 저작물을 바탕으로 한 저작물을 말한다. 전체적으로 원작자의 본래 작품이 나타나 있으며 개정, 주석, 발전 또는 그 외의 변경으로 구성되는 저작물은 “이차적 저작물”이다." 저작권이 있는 대상을 촬영한 사진은 미국의 저작권법에 따라서 이차적 저작물로 간주됩니다. 1976년 미국 저작권법 제106조의 내용입니다. "(...) 이 주제에 해당하는 저작자는 저작권을 행사할 수 있으며, 다음의 조건을 허락할 수 있는 독점적인 권리를 가진다. (...) (2) 저작권이 있는 저작물을 바탕으로 만들어진 이차적 저작물;"

따라서, 저작권이 있는 액션 피규어, 장난감 등의 사진과 같이 "허가 받지 않은" 이차적 저작물은 삭제되어야 합니다.

자세한 정보는 Commons:이차적 저작물을 참고하세요.

[edit] 단순한 디자인

대부분의 상업적 품목과 제품은 한 가지 또는 다른 방식의 지적재산법에 따라 보호를 받고 있으며, 저작권은 이러한 복합적인 보호 중의 하나에 속합니다. 저작권과 상표권, 특허권을 구별하는 것은 매우 중요합니다. 위키미디어 공용은 일반적으로 다음과 같은 이유를 전재로 저작권에만 제약을 두고 있습니다.

1. 거의 모든 것이 상표권의 대상이 될 수 있으며, 상표 등록된 모든 것을 금지하는 것은 합리적이지 않을 수 있다.
2. 상표와 산업 디자인의 이용 제한은 산업 제품의 복제에만 해당하며, 이러한 것을 대상으로 하는 사진은 자유롭게 제작할 수 있다.

공용에서는 일반적인 서체 문자와 단순한 기하학적 모양으로 구성된 그림일 경우, 상표권이 있는 로고까지도 허용하고 있습니다.^[2] 이러한 그림은 {{PD-textlogo}} 태그를 부착하여야 합니다. 하지만 독창적인 예술 작품으로 인정할 수 있는 디자인은 모두 저작권의 대상이 될 수 있습니다.

디자인이 저작권의 보호를 받는지 아닌지에 대해 결정하는 것은 매우 어려울 때도 있습니다. 이러한 분류에 속하는 그림은 종종 삭제 대상에 포함되기도 하며, 삭제 토론의 결과도 매우 다양합니다.

[edit] 글꼴

글꼴 (또는 서체)의 래스터 렌더링은 미국에서는 저작권 대상이 아니기 때문에 퍼블릭 도메인입니다. 다른 나라에서는 글꼴 디자인을 저작권 대상으로 보는 경우도 있습니다. (영어 위키백과의 글꼴 참고). 이러한 경우에는 {{PD-font}}를 사용하여야 합니다.

하지만, 이러한 사항은 글꼴의 벡터 형식의 그림 (예를 들면 SVG)에는 적용되지 않습니다. 이 경우에는 폰트가 OFL과 같은 자유 라이선스로 공개되었는지 확인하여야 하며, 해당할 경우에는 {{Open Font}}를 사용하여야 합니다. 다른 경우에는 자유 컨텐츠가 아니기 때문에 공용에 올릴 수 없습니다.

[edit] 대조표

여러분이 자신의 카메라로 촬영하였거나 어딘가에서 스캔한, 또는 웹 서버에서 다운로드한 사진을 위키미디어 공용에 올리고 싶다고 가정합시다. 무엇이 괜찮고 무엇이 안되는지 어떻게 알 수 있을까요? 여기에 여러분의 판단을 도울 수 있는 간단한 차트가 있습니다. 의심스럽다고 생각할 경우에는, 앞서 여러분이 살고 있는 나라에 대한 정보를 읽어보세요. 그래도 확신이 서지 않을 때는, Commons:Help desk 또는 여러분이 사용하는 언어의 Commons:사랑방에 질문을 해주세요.

보다 자세한 목록은 Commons:Image casebook을 참고하세요.

[edit] OK 올릴 수 있음

자신의 사진 자료:

• 자연 (숲, 하늘 등)
• 동물 (고양이, 개 등)
• 곤충 (개미, 풍뎅이 등)
• 농작물 (사과, 토마토 등)
• 자신의 사진 공개에 동의한 인물
• 당신 자신 (사적인 웹공간에 사용하지 않는 것을 조건으로)
• 미국과 자신의 사법권 지역에서 연도 경과로 퍼블릭 도메인이 된 소재:
  • 건축가 사망 후 70년 (되도록 100년) 이상이 경과한 건물
  • 예술가 사망 후 70년 (되도록 100년) 이상이 경과한 예술 작품
  • 저작자 사망 후 70년 (되도록 100년) 이상이 경과한 서적
  • 저작자 사망 후 70년 (되도록 100년) 이상이 경과한 신문과 잡지

자신의 복사 자료:

• 미국과 자신의 사법권 지역에서 저작권이 만료된 소재.
• 자신이 전적으로 제작한 그림 (바탕이 된 작품이 없거나 퍼블릭 도메인인 작품을 바탕으로 하였을 경우)

웹 서버의 자료:

• 미국과 자신 및 웹 서버의 사법권 지역에서 저작권이 만료된 소재.

[edit] 기준에 따라 올릴 수 있거나 없음

올리는 사람에게 저작권이 없는 모든 종류의 저작권 자료:

• 로고 (매우 단순한 디자인만 OK, 단순한 디자인 참고)
• 스크린샷 (Commons:스크린샷 참고)

다음 대상의 사진, 그림, 복사 및 복제:

• 자동차 (단색으로 이루어져 있으며 광고나 그림 등이 묘사되지 않을 경우 OK)
• 생활용품 (단순한 디자인은 OK)
• 서적 표지 (단순한 디자인만 OK)
• 통화 (국가에 따라 다름; Commons:통화 참고)
• 건축가 사망 후 70년이 경과하지 않은 (또는 생존하고 있는) 건물 (전경의 자유 참고)
• 예술가 사망 후 70년이 경과하지 않은 (또는 생존하고 있는) 공공 장소에 영구적으로 설치된 예술 작품 (전경의 자유 참고)
• 사유 저택 및 가옥, 박물관의 실내 모습
• 유명 인사 (초상권 참고)
• 본인의 사전 동의를 받지 않은 일반 인물 (초상권 참고)

[edit] 올릴 수 없음

• 공정 사용 그림
• 저작권이 있는 자료와 매우 유사한 팬 아트
• 다른 사람이 저작권을 가지고 있는 사진, 그림, 스캔 등의 복제
  • 생존해 있거나 사망한지 70년이 되지 않은 예술가의 공공 장소에 영속적으로 설치되지 않은 작품.
  • 액션 피규어, 인형, 코스튬을 포함한 저작권이 있는 창작물. (2차적 저작물 참고)
  • 70년이 되지 않은 앨범, 비디오게임, 영화 등의 상업 상품의 표지, 포스터, 신문, 잡지. (표지와 내용)
• 다른 사람이 저작권을 가지고 있는 소리
  • 저작권이 있는 라디오 방송 (프로그램과 광고)
  • 생존해 있거나 사망한지 70년이 되지 않은 예술가의 악곡

[edit] 국제법

[edit] 문학·예술적 저작물의 보호를 위한 베른 협약

세계 대부분의 모든 나라에서는 문학·예술적 저작물의 보호를 위한 베른 협약에 가맹하고 있습니다. (이곳의 원문 참고) 이 협약에 의거하여, 각 나라는 일정한 규정에 따라서 다른 나라의 저작권을 준수하고 있습니다. 이러한 규정 때문에 작품이 제작된 원래 나라의 법에 항상 주의를 두어야 합니다.

가장 중요한 것은 제7조로, 협약에서 정한 보호 기간을 규정하고 있습니다. 협약은 제작자 사후 최소 50년 간을 보호 기간으로 정하고 있습니다. (일부 예외 있음). 하지만, 각 나라에서 자유롭게 그 이상의 기간을 정할 수 있습니다.

어떤 경우에도, 기간의 규정은 보호를 적용하는 나라의 정부가 관할한다; 그러나, 관할하는 나라가 명시적으로 결정하지 않는 이상 그 기간은 작품이 제작된 원래 나라가 정한 기간보다 길어질 수 없다.

많은 나라에서는 베른 협약 제7조에 의거하여 최소의 기간을 규정으로 승인하고 있습니다만, 미국 저작권법은 이 규정을 그대로 따르지 않고 있습니다. 예를 들어서, 17 U.S.C. 104A(a)(1)(B)에 의거하게 되면, 미국에서는 미국 이외의 나라에서 공개된 작품에 대하여 원래 제작된 나라에서의 저작권 보호 기간이 미국에서의 보호 기간보다 빨리 만료되는 경우에도 미국 내에서의 보호 기간이 만료할 때까지 저작권이 보호됩니다. 원래 제작된 나라에서 1996년 1월 1일을 기준으로 저작권 보호를 받는 작품이 이 규정에 해당될 수 있습니다. 따라서 공용 사용자의 나라에서 퍼블릭 도메인인 작품이 미국에서는 법적으로 저작권이 있는 작품일 수 있습니다. 미국 저작권 보호 기간에 대한 자세한 정보는 w:en:Wikipedia:Non-US_copyrights#Dates_of_restoration_and_terms_of_protection을 참고하세요.

[edit] 유럽 저작권법

유럽 연합은 연합 내에서 저작권 제도를 조화시키는 지령을 취하고 있습니다. (유럽 연합의 저작권법 참고) 그러나 이러한 지령은 유럽 조례와 달리 획일적으로 적용되는 것이 아닙니다. 지령의 이행을 위해서는 각 가맹국의 입법 기관이 제정하는 국내법이 필요하고, 이 국내법의 제정에 대해서 자율적인 재량이 종종 인정되고 있기 때문입니다. 예를 들어서 저작권의 합법적인 면제 ("공정 이용"에 해당)는 나라마다 일정한 제한에 따라 다르게 허용하고 있습니다.

공용의 목적에서 볼 때 가장 중요한 것은 저작권 보호 기간의 조화 관련 지령입니다. (원문) 이 지령은 저작권 보호 기간을 제작자 사후 70년으로 정하고 있습니다. (공동 제작자의 경우 마지막 사망한 제작자 기준; 집단 저작물, 가명, 또는 익명 저작물의 경우는 공개일 기준).

하지만, 이 지령은 각 나라에서 이미 시행하고 있는 더 연장된 보호 기간을 단축할 수 있는 것이 아닙니다.

2001년 EUCD 제5조는 저작권의 예외를 정하고 있습니다. 그러나 이러한 예외 중 하나 (caching 관련)만이 강제적 규정입니다. 다른 규정은 선택적인 것으로, 각 나라에서 국내법 적용과 제한 방법을 자유롭게 정할 수 있습니다. 따라서 어느 가맹국의 제한이 다른 가맹국에서도 반드시 적용된다고 볼 수는 없습니다. 특히, 각 나라는 공적인 장소에 영구히 위치하는 사물과 "단순한" 사진에 대한 저작권 보호 범위를 자유롭게 선택할 수 있습니다.

미지막으로, 이러한 규정에 대해서는 많은 판례와 관련 법학이 고려되고 있습니다. 어떤 경우에는 법조문 상에서 규정되어 있지 않는 권리나 제한이 생길 수 있습니다. 따라서, 단순히 법조문만을 읽는 것을 떠나서, 관련 국가에서 법을 어떻게 해석하고 있는 지에 대해 항상 신중을 기울여야 합니다.

[edit] Country-specific laws

Laws about copyright differ from country to country. Images uploaded to Commons, unless uploaded from the United States, involve the interaction of two or more copyright jurisdictions. Generally, the policy applied on Commons is to only allow images that can be used in all (or at least most) countries. The laws of individual countries differ especially in the following points:

• The time for which a copyright applies. In most countries, copyright expires no later than 70 years after the death of the author.
• Status of works of the government. In many (but not all) countries, documents published by the government for official use are in the public domain.
• Material applicable for copyright. In some jurisdictions, pictures of artistic work like architecture, sculptures, clothing etc. can not be used freely without the consent of the creator of the original artwork.

The safest way to apply international copyright law is to consider the laws of all the relevant jurisdictions and then use the most restrictive combination of laws to determine whether something is copyrighted or not. The jurisdictions that might need to be considered are:

• The place where the work was created;
• The place where the work is being uploaded from;
• The place that any web server the work has been downloaded from physically is;
• The United States.

A work is only allowed on Commons if it is either public domain in all relevant jurisdictions or if there is a free licence which applies to the work in all relevant jurisdictions.

In the case of a painting published in France please do apply US-American copyright laws as those copyright laws apply to the servers of Commons. Also apply the copyright laws of the country you are in and the copyright laws of any web server you got the work off. In the case of a French painting uploaded to Commons from a French web server by someone living in the UK three copyright jurisdictions would apply: France, UK and US. US law would mean that if the painting had not been published before 1923 it would be in copyright. British law would mean that if the painting was by an artist who had been dead for less than 70 years it would be in copyright. French law would mean that if the painting was by an artist who died for France it would be in copyright for even longer than under British law. In this case the most restrictive combination of jurisdictions would be French and US. Only if the painting was legally in the public domain in both France and the United States could it be uploaded from a French web server to Commons.

UNESCO has a collection of national copyright laws that should be referred to when creating country-specific tags such as those below.

Relevant country-specific differences in the duration of copyright (from 70 years pma) and exceptions of the application of copyright are discussed below (countries are listed in alphabetical order):

[edit] Afghanistan

It appears that Afghanistan has no copyright laws at all. See this information from WIPO, and also w:Afghanistan and copyright issues.

[edit] Albania

According to Copyright law of Albania the duration of copyright is 70 years post mortem auctoris. Copyright terminates 70 years after publication for pseudonymous or anonymous work. The following are not copyrightable and thus in public domain:

• the ideas, theories, concepts, discoveries and inventions in a creative work, apart from the way of acquiring, explanation or expression;
• the official texts of a legal, administrative, legislative, political nature and their respective official translations;
• the official symbols of the state, symbols of other public organizations and public authorities, such as: Coat of arms, seals, flags, emblems, medallions, medals;
• Means of payment;
• news and press information;
• simple data and facts.
• Folk expressions.

[edit] Algeria

Algerian law states that photos and films are protected for 50 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in the public domain.

[edit] Andorra

The copyright law of Andorra states that the copyright term lasts for life extended for 70 years as from the first of January of the year following the death of the author. In a work of joint authorship, the term of 70 years shall be calculated from the death of the last surviving joint author. In a work of an author/s not identified individually (collective, anonymous or pseudonymous), the term is 70 years from the first time at the public disposal.

This is not applicable to any official text of legislative, administrative or judicial nature. However, the works of architecture are protected.

Andorra is party to the Berne Convention since Juny 2, 2004.

[edit] Arab States

Laws are found in both Arab Committee for Protecting Intellectual Property and Arab Law Group Organization

[edit] Armenia

According to the Copyright law of 1999 the duration of copyright is 50 years after the death of the author and 50 years after publication for anonymous work. Moral rights are perpetual.

The copyright in a work created on an employment assignment shall belong to the author of the work.

Armenia has freedom of panorama limited to de minimis use and non-commercial purposes.

Please check article 6. in Armenian; it is very unclear in English.

[edit] Argentina

See templates for details.

• {{PD-AR-Photo}}: photographs—not drawings or other works—published in Argentina 25+ years ago;
• {{PD-AR-Movie}}: movies whose script writer, producer, and director died 50+ years ago;
• {{PD-AR-Anonymous}}: anonymous works published 50+ years ago belonging to an institution, corporation or legal entity registered in Argentina;
• {{CC-AR-Presidency}}: photographs taken from the Presidency of Argentina web site.

[edit] Australia

[edit] Government-produced works

According to [1], copyright of works with commonwealth, state, or territory-owned copyright expires 50 years from the date of creation (rounded up to the nearest year). Following that logic, all government-created works created before 1 January 1959 should be in the public domain.

[edit] Non-government works

Presently, the Australian Copyright Act 1968[2] should be consulted to determine whether the copyright of a work produced or published in Australia has expired. The Australian Copyright act 1968 was amended as of the 1st January 2005 and further amended February 2008, prior to this the time limit was 50 years the amendment was not retrospective, copyrights that expired prior to this date were not revived [3]

• Australian copyright is applied to works published first in Australia or whose original author is/was an Australian citizen, Australian resident or person under protection of the Australian government.[4]
• For published works, the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.[5]
• For previously unpublished works, the copyright cannot expire less than 70 years after the first publication of the work. [6]
• For anonymous/pseudonymous works, the copyright expires 70 years after the first publication of the work.[7]

Following this logic:

• All published works whose author deceased before 1 January 1939 are in the public domain.
• What is more, since works that went out of copyright before the change of the law in 2005 did not regain copyright, all published works whose author died before 1 January 1954 are public domain, as they went out of copyright before the new law came into effect. Copyright is lost at the start of the next year, so works of authors who died in 1954 will not be out of copyright until 2025.
• All anonymous/pseudonymous works published before 1 January 1939 are in the public domain.
• Unpublished works are not in the public domain.

Note:

• Photographs taken prior to midnight on the 31st December 1954 are in the public domain[8], photographs taken on/after 1st January 1955 are not PD unless prescribed by the copyright owner.

[edit] Austria

[edit] Freedom of panorama

Objects permanently located in public that can be photographed from public (accessible) grounds, without devices such as a ladder, can be used by its photographer for any purpose, regardless of whether they display an artwork/building or not. This right is called Panoramafreiheit (freedom of panorama). However in some circumstances certain modifications (but not usage) of the image can be prohibited by the copyright owner of the object (artist or architect) if the copyright of that object has not expired. Generally an image taken in public space might not be used to produce an object similar to the original. (§54. (1) [9])

§54. (1) 5. : Werke der Baukunst nach einem ausgeführten Bau oder andere Werke der bildenden Künste nach Werkstücken, die dazu angefertigt wurden, sich bleibend an einem öffentlichen Ort zu befinden, zu vervielfältigen, zu verbreiten, durch optische Einrichtungen öffentlich vorzuführen und durch Rundfunk zu senden und der Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung zu stellen; ausgenommen sind das Nachbauen von Werken der Baukunst, die Vervielfältigung eines Werkes der Malkunst oder der graphischen Künste zur bleibenden Anbringung an einem Orte der genannten Art sowie die Vervielfältigung von Werken der Plastik durch die Plastik.

[edit] Official works

By Austrian law, documents are in the public domain (gemeinfrei) if they have been published as part of a law or official decree or edict, or if they have been released as an official announcement or for public information. The relevant law is paragraph 7 of the UrhG.

[edit] Azerbaijan

According to the Copyright law of 1996 the duration of copyright is 50 years post mortem auctoris. The duration of copyright for anonymous work is 50 years after publication unless the author is identified. Post-humously work is protected 50 years after death if the work is published within 30 years after death.

According to article 8 copyright registration or explicit mention of copyright may be necessary. The English translation is not clear on this point.

The following are not subjects of copyright:

• official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and their official translations;
• State emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs);
• works of folklore;
• communications concerning events and facts that have informational character.

The reproduction, broadcasting or communication to the public by cable of architectural works, photographic works and works of fine art permanently located in a public place shall be permissible without the author's consent and without payment of remuneration, except where the presentation of the work constitutes the main feature of the said reproduction, broadcast or communication to the public by cable, if it is used for commercial purposes.

[edit] Belarus

The copyright law of Belarus states that the copyright term lasts for life, then extended for the next 50 years after the death of the author. In the case of more than one author, it will be 50 years p.m.a. after the death of the last author.

[edit] Belgium

According to the Copyright law of 1994 the duration of copyright is 70 years post mortem auctoris. For anonymous work the duration of copyright is 70 years after publication if the author is not identified.

[edit] Brazil

According to Brazilian Copyright law of 1998 (in Portuguese) translation:

Chapter III -The Economic Rights of the Authors and Term Thereof

• Art. 28. The author has the exclusive right to use his literary, artistic or scientific work, to derive benefit from it and to dispose of it.
• Art. 41. The author's economic rights shall be protected for a period of 70 years as from the first of January of the year following his death, subject to observance of the order of succession under civil law.
• Art. 42. Where a literary, artistic or scientific work of joint authorship is indivisible, the term of protection provided for in the foregoing Article shall be calculated from the death of the last surviving joint author.
• Art. 43. The term of protection of economic rights in anonymous or pseudonymous works shall be 70 years counted from the first of January of the year following that of the first publication.

Sole Paragraph. The provisions of Articles 41 and its sole paragraph shall be applicable where the author makes his identity known before the expiry of the period referred to in the introduction to this Article.

• Art. 44. The economic rights in audiovisual and photographic works shall be protected for a period of 70 years from the first of January of the year following that of their disclosure.
• Art. 45. In addition to the works in respect of which the protection of the economic rights has expired, the following shall pass into the public domain:
  • I. the works of authors deceased without heir;
  • II. the works of unknown authors, subject to the legal protection of ethnic and traditional lore.

Chapter V - Term of Protection for Neighboring Rights

• Art. 96. The term of protection of neighboring rights shall be 70 years from the first of January of the year following fixation for phonograms, transmission for the broadcasts of broadcasting organization, and public performance in other cases.

[edit] Freedom of panorama

• Art. 48. Works permanently located in public places may be freely represented by painting, drawing, photography and audiovisual processes.

[edit] Canada

All photographs taken before 1 January, 1949 are in the public domain.

For works from after that time, or non-photographs, the Copyright Act states a copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 50 years following the end of the calendar year of death (section 6). If the work is anonymous or pseudonymous then the copyright lasts either 50 years following publication or 75 years after the making of the work, whichever is earlier (section 6.1), provided the authorship does not become known in that timeframe.

See the Canadian Public Domain Flowchart to determine if a work is in the public domain.

[edit] China

[edit] People's Republic of China

According to the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China in effect in Mainland China:

• Article 5: The law does not apply to those specified in Template:PD-PRC-exempt.
• Article 20: The rights of authorship, alteration and integrity of an author shall be unlimited in time. These are moral rights.
• Article 21:
  • A copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 50 years following the end of the calendar year of death.
  • A legal entity or other organization or in respect of a work created in the course of employment enjoys the copyright for 50 years since the first publication.
  • A cinematographic work, a work created by virtue of an analogous method of film production or a photographic work is copyrighted for 50 years since the first publication.
  • All of the preceding terms expire on December 31 of the last year.
• Article 59 has restored copyright. The same thing has also been written in Article 55 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China dated 1990 (zh:中华人民共和国著作权法/1990年).[10] One should not simply assume that works made in China before the 1990 laws are in the public domain.

According to the Chinese Civil Law Article 100 photos of regular people may not be published without their consent， if the person can be identified. The use of the image for profit (commercially) without his consent shall be prohibited.

[edit] Hong Kong

According to Chapter 528 Copyright Ordinance, in Section 17 Duration of copyright in literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, in the law of Hong Kong, a work's copyright expires 50 years after the last death of known authors, or the work's first publication for unknown authorship, or the year it made when the work is never made public and with unknown authorship. The above-mentioned ordinance does not apply to the work of Hong Kong Government, Legislative Council and certain international organizations. Their copyrights are under separate ordinances. [11]

[edit] Macau

According to the Copyright Law (Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M):

• Article 6: Official works are not protected. See also Template:PD-MacaoGov.
• Article 21: Generally, copyright shall lapse 50 years after the death of the creator of the work, even in the case of works disclosed or published posthumously, to expire at the end of the last year.
• Article 51: Non-Macanese works are copyrightable in Macau for the Macanese copyright duration or the home country or area, whichever is less, i.e. the rule of the shorter term applies in Macau.
• Article 106: The copyright in an audiovisual work shall lapse 50 years after its disclosure.
• Article 148: The copyright in works of applied art shall lapse 25 years after the completion of the work.
• Article 155: The copyright in photographic works shall lapse 25 years after their completion, even if they have never been disclosed or published.
• Article 182: The rights of performers shall lapse 50 years after the performance.
• Article 188: The rights of producers of phonograms and videograms shall lapse 50 years after fixation.
• Article 192: The rights of broadcasting organizations shall lapse 20 years after the broadcast.

[edit] Republic of China

According to the Copyright Act of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan Area:

• Article 9: Works specified in Template:PD-ROC-exempt shall not be the subject matter of copyright.
• Article 30:
  • Generally, economic rights endure for the life of the author and 50 years after the author's death.
  • Where a work is first publicly released between the 40th and 50th years after the author's death, the economic rights shall endure for a term of 10 years beginning from the time of the first public release.
• Article 31: Economic rights in a joint work subsist for 50 years after the death of the last surviving author.
• Article 32
  • Economic rights in a pseudonymous work or an anonymous work endure for 50 years from the time of public release; provided, the economic rights shall be extinguished where it can be proven that the author has been deceased for over 50 years.
  • The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply when the pseudonym of the author is well known to the public.
• Article 33: Economic rights in works authored by a juristic person endure for 50 years after the public release of the work; provided, if the work is not publicly released within 50 years from the completion of the creation, the economic rights shall subsist for 50 years after completion of the creation.
• Article 34:
  • Economic rights for photographic works, audiovisual works, sound recordings, and performances endure for 50 years after the public release of the work.
  • The proviso of the preceding article shall apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding paragraph.
• Article 35: All terms of duration specified in Articles 30 through 34 terminate as of the last day of the last year of the term.

[edit] Colombia

According to Article 21 and following the Colombia Law 23 of 1982, the rights of the author expire 80 years after the death of the author (or the death of the last coauthor). Should the rights of the author have been transferred by means of an act between living persons, the protection period remains 80 years after the death of the author. The right of the author for some collective works and anonymous works expires 80 years from the date of publication, and, for cinematic works, 80 years after the movie's premiere (end of production).

Literary, scientific, and artistic works whose title holder is a corporate body, an official entity, or any public institution, the period of protection is 30 years.

In the above cases, protection ends on December 31 of the corresponding year.

[edit] Czech Republic

According to the Czech Copyright Law [12], §3 a) there is no copyright on official works, such as legal acts, public documents including those in preparation, documents published by the House of Representatives and Senate, state symbols (flags, coats of arms, anthems) of countries and administrative subdivisions, municipal chronicles and any other works whose exclusion from copyright protection is in public interest.

Freedom of panorama: Works permanently displayed in public area (square, street, park, public road or another public space) can be freely recorded through drawing, painting, photograph or movie, but not through three-dimensional models. Author of the derivative work should only mention the author and name of the original work, if possible (§33).

In line with EU Copyright Directive, authors are entitled to royalties for usage of their works during their lifetime and 70 years after their death (§27). Performing artists (e.g. actors, musicians, dancers) are entitled to royalties for 50 years after publishing of their performance (§73). (All terms are computed from January 1 of the year following the respective event.)

[edit] Denmark

According to Danish law, Consolidated Act on Copyright 2003, the copyright on "photographic images" expire 50 years after the image's creation. However, for "photographic works" the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. The definition of a photographic work, as opposed to image is not precisely defined. In general a work is considered to have to display some form of originality or other special artistic properties. Simple snap-shots do not qualify as works. Interpretation is highly subjective. There is some debate as to whether all works by a professional photographer constitute works as opposed to simple images.

[edit] Egypt

Egyptian Law states that photos paintings and drawing are protected for 25 years starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

Per Article 167, Audio recordings are in copyright for 50 years after publication.

[edit] Estonia

According to the Republic of Estonia Copyright law Public sources: Copyright does not apply to works of folklore, legislation and administrative documents, court decisions and official translations thereof; official symbols of the state and insignia of organisations. Copyright does not apply to reproduction of work by libraries, archives or museums.

It is permitted, without the authorization of the author and without payment of remuneration, to reproduce works of architecture, works of visual art, works of applied art or photographic works which are permanently located in places open to the public by any means except for mechanical contact copying, and to communicate such reproductions of works to the public except if the work is the main subject of the reproduction and it is intended to be used for direct commercial purposes. If the work specified carries the name of its author, it shall be indicated in communicating the reproduction to the public.

[edit] Finland

According to Finnish Copyright law of 2005 copyright expires for photographs not considered to be "works of art" fifty years after the photograph was taken. Photographs considered to be "works of art" are protected normally for 70 years after the death of the works creator. The difference between a photograph and photographic work of art is not precisely defined. As an example, the (legally not binding) opinion of the Finnish Copyright Council [13] is that this photograph of Paavo Nurmi "-- is despite its historical importance a regular photo of current events. The photograph does not demonstrate original and personal contribution from the photographer and so it can't be considered to be -- a photographic work."

The copyright law of 1991 extended the copyright time from 25 years (according to the 1961 copyright law) to 50 years. However, material already released to public domain according to the 1961 law remain in public domain and therefore all photographs (but not photographic works of art) released before 1966 are in the public domain.

The textual representations of Finnish coat of arms of municipalities, regions and provinces are considered to be governmental decisions and therefore they are not protected by copyright. According to the opinions of the Finnish Copyright Council 1997:11 and 1998:5 also the graphical representation is thought (at least in these cases) not to meet the requirements for a original work of art and therefore is not protected by copyright. This is also thought to be true for the coat of arms of historical provinces and other historical coats of arms.

Photos of works of art exhibited in public spaces can only be used for non-commercial purposes, unless it is clear that the work is not the main subject in the photo (freedom of panorama). There are no restrictions on photos of general buildings but a single home or yard may not be photographed.

[edit] People

[14]

Photos of people who are of public interest (famous politician, artist, sportsman) and who are carrying out their public duties or work may be published without consent.

Photos of regular people in public places[15] may not be published without their consent unless the person is clearly not the main subject of the image and the picture does not cause damage, suffering or despisal to the person in the picture.

However, if the person can be identified, the image may never be used in advertisement (commercially) without consent.

[edit] France

The relevant laws are in the first book of the Code of Intellectual Property, or CPI (English version). The code includes dispositions transposed from the 1993 European directive on Copyright. France also enforces the Berne Convention.

The normal duration of copyright is 70 years following the end of the year of death of the author (or the death of the last author for multiple authors); if the work is anonymous, pseudonymous or collective, it is 70 years following the end of the year of publication of the work (unless the authors named themselves). See below for important extensions to copyright.

[edit] Images from public sites

Note that French government services often use professional photographers who are not government employees to make official photographs. These photographers then typically sell an usage right to the government. In such circumstances, the government does not own the copyright to the photograph, and thus could not give us a license to use it even if it wanted to.

The rules for protection of works by the government are somewhat fuzzy, and one should assume by default that anything from a government entity is copyrighted. One should refer to:

• Law of July 17, 1978
• Decree of December 30, 2005

Laws, decrees, court decisions and other similar government texts (but not the translations or commentaries thereof), possibly found on Légifrance, are in the public domain. This seems acknowledged by Légifrance's copyright terms.

Unless you really know what you're doing, please abstain from copying photos from French government sites to Commons. Thanks.

[edit] Wartime copyright extensions

On February 27, 2007, the Court of Cassation, supreme jurisdiction, first civil chamber, ruled in the Hazan case (arrêt n° 280 du 27 février 2007) that articles L123-8 and L123-9, extending the duration of protection to compensate for wartimes, were not applicable to works for which an extended protection period (beyond 70 years) had not started to elapse on July 1, 1995.[16][17]. The judgment regarding Giovanni Boldini's work was broke too, by the same court : [18].

In practice, only subsist extensions for music and authors "Mort pour la France", as the extension of rights on music was enacted in 1985, before the European Union resolution extended the rights for all authors in 1997.

Previously, French law granted extensions to copyright because of the World Wars (see CPI L123-8 and following). The extensions were:

• 6 years and 152 days for World War I
• 8 years and 120 days for World War II
• 30 years for people who died for France ; this includes, for instance, Alain-Fournier (1 January 1915 +50+30+6+8 years +152+120 days = 30 September 2009), Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and Jehan Alain.

Several extensions were added together.

It was previously assumed that the European directive on copyright did not necessarily suppress these extensions:

Article 10 - Where a term of protection, which is longer than the corresponding term provided for by this Directive, is already running in a Member State on the date referred to in Article 13 (1), this Directive shall not have the effect of shortening that term of protection in that Member State.

According to the French Ministry of Culture, the legal status of these extensions, adopted when copyright was 50 years after death, was unclear in the context of the new 70-year law; the Ministry called for erring on the side of caution and assuming they are valid. [19]

It was also assumed that copyright holders do try to enforce these extensions. In 2005, right holders demanded payment for a movie where a character whistled The Internationale, whose author died in 1932. (See also Template:PD-Internationale for further information.) On the other hand, the Paris Appeal Court ruled against applying the extensions in 2004 [20], but on 12 October 2005, another section of the same court applied the extension so that the works of the painter Giovanni Boldini who died in 1931 will not enter the public domain before late 2016 [21].

[edit] Works of arts, including architecture, exhibited in public spaces

The architect of a notable building owns copyright over the representations of that building, including postcards and photographs. For instance, the architect of the pyramid in the courtyard of the Louvre Museum may claim copyright over images of the pyramid. This, for instance, extends to the designer of lighting systems; for instance, the company operating the Eiffel Tower claims copyright of images of the tower when lighted at night.

However, ruling #567 of March 15, 2005 of the Court of Cassation denied the right of producers of works of arts installed in a public plaza over photographs of the whole plaza:

Because the Court has noticed that, as it was shown in the incriminated images, the works of Mr X... and Z... blended into the architectural ensemble of the Terreaux plaza, of which it was a mere element, the appeals court correctly deduced that this presentation of the litigious work was accessory to the topic depicted, which was the representation of the plaza, so that the image did not constitute a communication of the litigious work to the public

The court draws a distinction between depictions of a work of art, and depictions of whole settings of which the work of art is a mere part, and denies the right of the artist over such images.

While architects may have rights to works derived from their work of art, this is not the case of the owners of works of art or buildings, in general. The summary of the conclusions of a May 7, 2004 ruling by the Court of Cassation was:

The owner of a thing does not have an exclusive right over the image of this thing; he or she can however oppose the usage of this image by a third party if this usage results in an abnormal disturbance to him or her."

In this decision, the court excluded that the owner of a hotel, who had made extensive repairs and enhancements to the buildings at high costs, could claim exclusive rights to the image of that hotel: merely demonstrating that the costs supported did not demonstrate that the publishing of images was an abnormal disturbance.

The Court already ruled on June 5, 2003, that the right of property comprised absolutely no right to the image of this property. However, they also upheld the right to privacy of the homeowners: in this case, not only a photograph of a house was published, but also its exact location and the name of the owners. Earlier rulings (May 2, 2001) similarly rejected requests based on ownership without a justification of an abnormal disturbance.

[edit] Germany

[edit] Freedom of panorama

Objects permanently located in public that can be photographed from public (accessible) grounds, without devices such as a ladder, can be used by its photographer for any purpose, regardless of whether they display an artwork/building or not. This right is called Panoramafreiheit (freedom of panorama). However in some circumstances certain modifications (but not usage) of the image can be prohibited by the copyright owner of the object (artist or architect) if the copyright of that object has not expired. A notable exception from freedom of panorama was the wrapped German Reichstag by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude since it was from the beginning not a permanent installation.

There are some cases (e.g. images of sculptures by living artists displayed in public) in which there is a discussion on whether they are acceptable on Commons in the future. (See discussion). When in doubt, German Wikipedia might be a better choice for upload.

[edit] Official works

By German law, documents are in the public domain (gemeinfrei) if they have been published as part of a law or official decree or edict, or if they have been released as an official announcement or for public information. The relevant law is section 5 of the UrhG. The first and most important sentence states:

Gesetze, Verordnungen, amtliche Erlasse und Bekanntmachungen sowie Entscheidungen und amtlich verfaßte Leitsätze zu Entscheidungen genießen keinen urheberrechtlichen Schutz.

For more information about German copyright laws, see the meta-page Wikipedia:Bildrechte on the German Wikipedia.

[edit] Greece

The terms of WIPO copyright treaty have been introduced with Law 3184/2003. See also [22] for the full text. The economic right on works created by employees (under any work relation) of the Government or a legal entity of public law (greek: Ν.Π.Δ.Δ.) in execution of their duties is transferred to the employer, unless provided otherwise by contract. (Law 2557/1997, Part 8.17)

[edit] Duration of copyright protection

According to Law 2557/1997, the duration of the copyright is 70 years after the death of the creator, or 70 years after the date of publication for anonymous and pseudonymous works. After the expiry of the period of copyright protection, the State, represented by the Minister of Culture, may exercise the rights relating to the acknowledgment of the author’s paternity and the rights relating to the protection of the integrity of the work deriving from the moral rights. This clause may prevent the creation of many types of derivative work, even after the copyright has expired, as the State has the right to prohibit any distortion, mutilation or other modification of the original work.

[edit] Exemptions from copyright

There are a few exemptions from copyright, defined in earlier Law 2121/1993, Part 2. Those which may apply to the content of Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons are:

• Official state, government and judicial texts: Laws, decrees, administrative decisions and circulars, proceedings and decisions of courts of justice etc. It is not clear if pictures of postage stamps (pre 1970), revenue stamps and currency are covered by this clause.
• Expressions of popular tradition (folklore).
• Current news items.
• Simple facts and data.

[edit] Hungary

The relevant law is 1999./LXXVI.; copyright lasts 70 years from the death of the author, or from publication if author is unknown. Legal provisions and other means of state direction are in the public domain, as are standards made obligatory by law. Folklore is also in public domain.

Freedom of panorama applies to fine art, applied art and architecture erected with a permanent character outdoors in a public place.

Images about people require their consent, except for public performances (Section 80 of the Civil Code).

[edit] India

According to Indian copyright law, all pictures published in India more than 60 years ago are in the public domain. [23] Official website

For other works: "The general rule is that copyright lasts for 60 years. In the case of original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works the 60-year period is counted from the year following the death of the author. In the case of cinematograph films, sound recordings, photographs, posthumous publications, anonymous and pseudonymous publications, works of government and works of international organisations, the 60-year period is counted from the date of publication."

[Comment: Note that, in the case of sound recordings, it may be that the underlying music is still in copyright while the recording itself is not, so a little care is necessary. Probably best to use some precaution, and make sure both the music and recording are out of copyright, unless someone can clarify further.]

[edit] Indonesia

Translated from Indonesian Copyright Act No. 19, 2002 ([24] in Indonesian):

Chapter II, Section 5, about the limitation of copyright.

Article 14: Not viewed as violations of copyright:

• Publication and/or distribution of the country's coat of arms or national anthem if there is no modification from the original.
• Publication and/or distribution of any work that has been published and/or distributed by or in the name of the Government, except if the copyright of the object is stated as protected, either in law or in writing on the work, at the time the work was published and/or distributed.
• Quotations of news reports, in full or in part, from any news agency, broadcasting agency, newspaper or any other similar source, provided the source is cited in full.

Chapter III, about copyright duration.

Article 29

• Copyright of books, pamphlets, and all written works; plays and musicals, dance and choreography; all forms of three-dimensional art such as paintings and sculpture; batik; songs and music with or without lyrics; architecture; speeches, lectures, speeches and similar works; display materials; maps and translations interpretations, adaptations and anthologies lasts for the life of the author and for 50 (fifty) years after the author dies.

Article 30

• Copyright of software, cinematography, photography, databases and engineering products lasts for 50 years after the initial publication of the work.

[edit] Iran

According to the Iranian "Law for Supporting Authors, Composers, and Artists" (قانون حمایت حقوق مؤلفان و مصنفان و هنرمندان), passed on 11 Dey 1348 (January 1, 1970) and published in the official newspaper number 7288 on 21 Bahman 1348 (February 1, 1970), for many images, including paintings, the work is in the public domain if all of its authors have died for at least 30 Iranian years (may be different from 30 Gregorian years by a few days).

As special exceptions, if the work is cinematic or photographic or if the (economic) rights of a work have been transferred to a legal person, the work will become public domain after 30 Iranian years from its publication or offering.

• English translation of the Iranian copyright law of 1970

[edit] Iraq

Iraqi Law states that photos are protected for 5 years, starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Ireland

According to section 24 of the Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000, all literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works enter the public domain after seventy years counted from the beginning of the following calendar year (i.e. as of 2008, prior to 1938-01-01) after either the death of the author, or, if the author is unknown or pseudonymous, the date of publication.

[edit] Israel

According to the Israeli Copyright act, 2007, article 38, works are protected until 70 years after their author's death. Pictures are protected until 70 years after their photographer's death, unless the pictures were taken before May 1st. 2008 - in which case the pictures are protected for 50 years from the day the picture was taken, unless the pictures were taken by a public authority (a government authority) in which case the pictures are protected for 50 years from the day of publication. Freedom of Panorama applies: Taking and publishing photos of works of art ("scalptures" and "applied art" or "useful art")—if these are permanently installed in a public place – and of architectural works is allowed (according to Section 23 of the Law: "Broadcasting, or copying by way of photography, drawing, sketch or similar visual description, of an architectural work, a work of sculpture or work of applied art, are permitted where the aforesaid work is permanently situated in a public place.")

[edit] Italy

Generally, 70 years after the author's death, but with a few exceptions:

• Audio recordings created and published in Italy at least fifty years ago, of a work which is itself in the public domain, are in the public domain. Article 75 of Italian copyright law treats audio recordings as a special case. Template:PD-Italy-audio covers these works.
• A second rule, giving a shorter term for "non-artistic" photographs, is difficult to apply accurately, and hence should not be used on Commons (see Commons:Deletion requests/Template:PD-Italy). Photographs in general enter the public domain 70 years after the author's death, this rule should be used instead.
• More or less everything else also enters the public domain 70 years after the author's death.
• The theory that a 70 year rule applies to works of the Italian government is unproven and disputed. See Commons:Deletion requests/Category:PD Italy.

[edit] Jamaica

According to the copyright act of Jamaica copyright expires:

• 50 years after the death of the author
• 50 years after publication if the author could not be determined.

[edit] Japan

According to the Japanese Copyright Law, the copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 50 years (article 51). If the work is anonymous or pseudonymous, the copyright lasts for 50 years after the publication or the death of the author, whichever is the earlier (article 52). The copyrights of the works in names of organizations expire in 50 years after the publication, or in 50 years after the creation if the works are not published within 50 years after the creation (article 53). Since June 18, 2003 cinematographic works are exceptionally protected for 70 years, instead of 50 years, after the publication, or in 70 years after the creation if the films are not published within 70 years of the creation (article 54).

For audio recordings, the term is 50 years after publication ([http://www.cric.or.jp/cric_e/clj/cl4.html Per Chapter IV, Section 6, Article 110).

In July 2006, a Japanese court ruled that all movies produced in Japan prior to 1953 were to be made available into the public domain. See template {{PD-Japan-film}} for details. (Websites [25]^{[dead link]} and [26]^{[dead link]} presents another information. Please verify it on official Japanese websites in official Japanese documents.)

Works correspond to the following are not eligible for copyrights (article 13).

• The constitution, and other laws and ordinances.
• Announcements and notifications by the organizations of the national or local governments.
• Judicial decisions of the law courts.

[edit] Jordan

Jordanian Law states that photos and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 25 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Kenya

Copyright protection exists during the life of the author and 50 years after his or her death for works other than photographs or 50 years after the first publication for photographs. [27]

[edit] Kuwait

Kuwaiti Law states that photos, films and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 50 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Lebanon

Lebanese copyright law from 1999 states that works are protected for 50 years after the author's death (#49) and 50 years after publication for anonymous work (#52). Moral rights are perpetual.

[edit] Malaysia

According to the Copyright act of 1987 copyright subsists until 50 years after the death of the author. Copyright for unpublished work subsists for 50 years after first publication. For anonymous or pseudonymous work copyright subsists for 50 years after publication unless the author is made known. According to article 11 works by the Government, Governmental Organizations and International organizations are subject to copyright until 50 years after publication (article 23).

[edit] Mexico

According to the Mexican law (See Art. 29: Ley federal del derecho de autor, critical commentary, in Spanish) a copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 100 years following the end of the calendar year of death of the youngest author or the publication date in case of the federal, state or municipal governments. There is one exception: works that were already in the public domain before July 23, 2003. Generally speaking, that means works created by someone who had died before July 23, 1928 (75 years before).

For a brief guide to Mexican copyright law see User:Drini/Mexican copyright law. Also note works created by the Mexican government do not default to PD, they being protected 100 years after publishing (art. 29)

[edit] Mongolia

Under the Law of Mongolia on Copyright, protection of works first published in Mongolia expires:

• 50 years after the death of the creator(s)
• 75 years after publication for anonymous and pseudonymous works
• 75 years after creation when created by a legal person (organisation, business, authority)
• 25 years after creation for photographic works and works of applied art

Combining this in an optimal way with US regulations, works first published in Mongolia can be uploaded and tagged with {{PD-Mongolia}} in any of the following cases:

• Any photographic image or other applied art created before 1972 (PD in Mongolia before 1997)
• Any pseudonymous work if it was published more than 75 years ago (Mongolian law)
• Any work by a legal person if it was created more than 75 years ago (Mongolian law) AND published before 1964 (US law, no renewal)
• Any other work if the creator(s) died more than 50 years ago (Mongolian law) AND it was published before 1964 (US law, no renewal)

If we can show that the original publication was made without a copyright notice, then the 1964 limit moves ahead to 1989.

Moral rights (e.g. the right to be named as an author) cannot be transferred and don't expire.

[edit] Morocco

Moroccan Law states that photos and films are Protected for 50 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Namibia

• Photographs are protected 50 years from the end of the publication year, or from the end of the year it was made, if unpublished : copyright act 1994, §6 b
• Literary or musical work or an artistic work, other than a photograph are copyrighted for a period of 50 years from the end of the year in which the author dies, if published : copyright act 1994, §6 a
• Works made by or under the direction or control of the State are copyrighted : copyright act 1994, §5

[edit] Netherlands

Dutch laws and legal judgments are completely free of copyright (Article 11 of Dutch copyright law of 1912).

In principle all works communicated to the public by or on behalf of the public authorities (government) are not copyright protected in the Netherlands, unless the copyright has been reserved explicitly, either in a general manner by law, decree or ordinance, or in a specific case by a notice on the work itself or at the communication to the public. This is regulated in Article 15b of the Copyright Act of 1912. Entities like the Silicose Oud-mijnwerkers foundation can also be regarded as public authorities (AbRS 30 November 1995, JB 1995/337) and are not automatically copyright protected.

Works of individual authors enjoy copyright protection until 70 years after the 1st January following the author's death. The duration of the copyright belonging jointly to two or more persons in their capacity as co-authors of a work shall be calculated from 1 January of the year following the year of the death of the last surviving co-author. The copyright in a work of which the author has not been indicated or has not been indicated in such a way that his identity is beyond doubt shall, or a public institution, association, foundation or company is deemed the author, expires 70 years after 1 January of the year following that in which the work was first lawfully communicated to the public.

[edit] New Zealand

Literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works are protected for life plus 50 years under the Copyright Act of 1994. Sound recordings and films, broadcasts and cable programmes are protected for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it was made or broadcast to the public, whichever is later. Works of artistic craftsmanship industrially applied are protected for 25 years.(Source: New Zealand Ministry for Economic Development)

[edit] Norway

Works are protected 70 years after author's death, or 70 years after publication if the author is unknown/anonymous. There is one exception: Photos that are not considered artistic works (i.e. snapshots) are protected until no less than 15 years after the photographer's death and no less than 50 years after publication.

Photos of works of art exhibited in public spaces can only be used for non-commercial purposes, unless it is clear that the work is not the main subject in the photo (freedom of panorama). There are no restrictions on photos of buildings.

Photos of people may not be published without their consent unless either a) the image illustrates a current event of interest the general public, or b) the person is clearly not the main subject of the image (i.e. passers-by may be included unless they fill an unreasonable amount of the image) or c) the image depicts a gathering, an outdoor parade or something which is of interest to the general public. This is part of the Copyright Act, and thus might affect the right to publish an image under a free license, as the person depicted retains the right to refuse use of the image.

There are no such thing as public domain, yet there are a similar notion of works that fall in the free. Exclusive rights will then cease to apply, but a form of moral rights (such as the right to attribution and integrity) still apply.

Texts of laws and decisions, reports and statements made and published by state or local authorities are not protected by copyright, but images used in such publications may be protected unless they were made specifically for the publication.

Recordings of performances are copy-protected for 50 years[28], after which time they may be used freely (the material of the performance may still be bound by copyright, however).

Norwegian currency is protected by copyright (see Commons:Currency#Norway).

• Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk m.v. (åndsverkloven). (in Norwegian)
• Copyright in Literary, Scientific and Artistic Works Act (1961) (Word document with unofficial English translation, University of Oslo Website)

[edit] Pakistan

According to Pakistani copyright laws, all photographs enter the public domain fifty years after they were created, and all non-photographic works enter the public domain fifty years after the death of the creator.

[edit] Paraguay

Paraguay passed a new copyright law in 1998. This law replaced any earlier legislation and was fully retroactive (see artcile 181). Works are copyrighted in Paraguay until 70 years after the death of the last surviving author (70 years p.m.a.; article 47), or for 70 years since the disclosure of an anonymous work. If the author of an anonymous work becomes known during these 70 years, 70 years p.m.a. applies (article 48). Copyright on collections, computer programs, audiovisual works, and broadcasts last for 70 years since the publication or completion of the work, but individual contributions are copyrighted to 70 years p.m.a. (article 49). Moral rights (attribution, integrity of the work) do not expire, and Paraguay has a domaine publique payant (i.e., for uses of public domain works, a fee must be paid top the state; see article 55).

Paraguay makes a distinction between photographic works and simple photographs. Any photograph that is not a work is copyrighted until 50 years since its creation (article 135).

Paraguay does have the "freedom of panorama", i.e., works permanently placed at public places (open-air only) may be freely reproduced by two-dimensional means such as photography, or filming (articles 39(4) and 41(4)).

The term for the neighbouring rights on performances, phonograms, and broadcasts is 50 years since the first performance, publication of the recording, or first broadcast.

[edit] Peru

The Peruvian copyright law of April 23, 1996, which entered in force on May 24, 1996, states in its transitional provisions that "[works] protected under the previous legislation shall benefit from the longer terms of protection provided for in this law". It is unclear whether that also applies to works where previous shorter terms had already expired.

The 1996 law has a copyright term of 70 years p.m.a. (70 years since publication for anonymous/pseudonymous works, articles 52–56). Performers' neighboring rights also last until 70 years p.m.a. (article 135), for phonograms and broadcasts, the term is 70 years since publication or the initial broadcast or transmission (articles 139 and 142).

Note that any video, whether it qualifies as an "audiovisual work" or not, is protected until 70 years after the publication (or its creation, if not published in that time; article 143). Likewise, photographs that are not "works" are copyrighted for 70 years since the photo was taken (article 144). Peru also has a publication right with a term of 10 years since the publication.

[edit] The Philippines

Copyrighted photographs are protected for 50 years after publication. Works by the government of the Philippines are not protected by copyright. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work was created is necessary for exploitation of such works for profit. (Republic Act 8293)

[edit] Poland

According to the Art.3 of copyright law of March 29, 1926 (valid until 1952) and Art. 2 of copyright law of July 10, 1952 of the People's Republic of Poland, all photographs by Polish photographers (or published for the first time in Poland or simultaneously in Poland and abroad) printed without a clear copyright notice before the law was changed on May 23, 1994 are public domain. Status of those photographs did not change after Polish Copyright Law of February 4, 1994 was enacted. (See: Template:PD-Polish)

According to the Polish Copyright Law of February 4, 1994 (Article 4, case 2) "governmental symbols, documents, materials and signs are not subject to copyrights". However in some instances the use of this image in Poland might be regulated by other laws. It is being debated if postage stamps and banknotes fall into this category. (See: Template:PD-Polishsymbol)

According to the Art.21 of copyright law of March 29, 1926 (valid until 1952) photographs lose copyright protection ten years after picture was taken. Series of scientific or artistic pictures lose copyright protection after 50 years. According to Art. 27 of copyright law of July 10, 1952 (valid until May 23, 1994) photographs and series of photographs lose copyright protection ten years after publication date. However, retroactive Polish Copyright Law of February 4, 1994 Art. 124, put all those images back under copyright protection, for 70 years since the death of the author.

The copyright act from February 4, 1994 in article 33 point 1 allows to propagate works that are permanently exhibited on the publicly accessible roads, streets, squares or gardens provided that the propagation is not for the same use. The name of the creator and source should be provided if it is possible by article 34. This use is royalty free, provided that it does not harm the legitimate interests of the creator by article 34.

[edit] Romania

The current Romanian copyright law goes back to 1996, when Law no. 8 of March 14, 1996 on Copyright and Neighboring Rights entered in force on June 25, 1996.[29] The law is very close to the Spanish copyright law; it has a general copyright term of 70 years p.m.a. The law reprotected works on which the shorter copyright terms from the earlier law had already expired; such reprotection became valid from June 25, 1996 on (article 149(3)).

This new Romanian copyright law has been amended several times since 1996.

The previous law on authors' rights in Romania was decree no. 321 from June 18, 1956, published on June 27, 1956. It had much shorter copyright terms (see articles 6 and 7). The earlier copyright law was the law on authors' rights from June 28, 1923, itself modified by the law no. 596 from July 24, 1946, the decree no. 19 from February 16, 1951, the decree no. 428 from November 13, 1952, and the decree no. 591 of December 17, 1955.

The 1923 law had a copyright term of 30 years p.m.a. if heirs existed, the 1956 law had a general term of 50 years p.m.a. (50 years since publication for works created by a legal entity). Shorter terms in the 1956 law existed for authors of entries in encyclopedias and dictionaries (20 years since publication), and for photographers (5 years since publication for individual artistic photos, 10 years for a series of such). But all these shorter terms were overridden by the 1996 law, and are of historical interest only (for instance, to determine whether or not a work was still copyrighted on the URAA date).

[edit] Russia and former Soviet Union

Copyrights of works created in Russia was based on the Russian copyright law of 1993 and its amendments of 1995 and 2004 (Федеральный закон от 9.07.1993 № 5351-1). Since January 1, 2008, intellectual property rights are regulated by Russian law 230-FL of 2006: Part IV of the Civil Code, together with the Russian law 231-FL of 2006: Implementation act for Part IV of the Civil Code. This new law replaced all previous IP laws in Russia.

The same law applies to the works from the former Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, since Russia is recognized as one of the twelve (12) legal successors of the USSR (as a federation of republics). Copyrights of works originating from other former Soviet republics may be claimed by the corresponding w:post-Soviet states too.

See Commons:Copyright tags#Russia and former Soviet Union for specific copyright tags.

See also:{{PD-Ukraine}}, as one of specific post-Soviet tags.

Note: There was a discussion whether pre-1973 works from the Soviet Union are copyright-free, originating in the period of uncertainty after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was concluded that this theory is incorrect; see discussions in en:Template talk:PD-USSR and Template talk:PD-Soviet.

[edit] Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabian Law states that the "protection period for applied art (handcrafted or manufactured) and photographs shall be twenty five years of the date of publication." Films, sound and artistic works are protected for 50 years starting from the publication date, after which they are in the public domain.

[edit] Slovakia

• English translation of the Slovak copyright law as of 2004.
• Slovak copyright law in Slovak language.

• Freedom of panorama:

According to section 27 of the Slovak copyright law, Slovakia has freedom of panorama. Works permanently located at public places may be freely reproduced by drawing, painting, graphics, relief picture or relief model, or by photography or film, and such reproductions may be freely published and sold without the consent of the original author.

[edit] Slovenia

• English translation of the Slovene copyright law as of 2004.
• The Slovenian Intellectual Property Office
• Zakon o avtorskih in sorodnih pravicah (copyright law in Slovenian language)

[edit] South Africa

The Copyright Act of 1978 is the current law of South Africa governing copyrights. S.3(2)(a) specifies that cinematograph films, photographs, and sound recording are copyrighted for 50 years after their first publication. (Most other works are copyrighted for 50 years after the death of the author.)

[edit] South Korea

For photographs and most other works, copyright persists until 50 years after the death of the last surviving creator. See s:Copyright_Act_of_South_Korea#SECTION_7_Protection_Period_of_Authors.27_Property_Rights for exact details.

For audio files and broadcasts, the term of protection ends 50 years after creation. According to Chapter IV Section 5 of the Copyright Act:

The protection period of neighboring rights shall come into effect from the following date and continue to subsist for a period of 50 years from the next year of such date:

1. For stage performances when the stage performance takes place;

2. For phonograms when the first fixation of sounds is made; and

3. For broadcastings when the broadcasting is made.

Note that, for musical recordings, the underlying musical work will also need to be out of copyright.

For deciding if the work is out of copyright in the U.S., it's necessary to figure out whether the work was in copyright in 1996. If a work went out of copyright before the 1986 act extended copyright terms from 30 years to 50 years, it does not regain copyright. The act came into force in 1987, hence, works where all authors died before 1957 are out of copyright in both South Korea and the U.S. (See Yunjeong Choi, Development of Copyright Protection in Korea: its History, Inherent Limits, and Suggested Solutions, Brook. J. Int'l L. 28 (2003), pp. 643-673.)

[edit] Spain

In Spain the "copyright" is known as "intellectual property". Generally, according to Spanish law, Royal Act 1/1996, on April 12, about Intellectual Property (Spanish PDF), the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. If the "intellectual property" of the work isn't owned by anybody, or it is a collective work where individual authors are not identifiable, this work would be on public domain after 70 years since the date of publication. However, works of authors who died before December 7, 1987 are dealt with by the 1879 law, which sets a protection time of 80 years post mortem auctoris.[30]

70-year limits are calculated from January 1, the following year to the date of the death or publication.

Exceptions to this (that may be useful in commons) are:

• The pieces of work situated permanently in parks, streets, squares and other public ways can be reproduced, distributed and communicated freely by using paintings, drawings, photographies and audiovisual procedures.
• Legal or ruling dispositions and their correspondent projects, resolutions of jurisdictional organs and acts, agreements, deliberations and reports of public organizations, and so official translations of all these texts are not subjected to "intellectual property".

[edit] Sudan

Sudanese Law states that photos and films are protected for 25 years starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Sweden

Photographs published after 1994 are protected for 70 years after the author's death if they have an artistic or scientific value.^[3] Photos that lack artistic value are only protected for 50 years after creation. If the photograph was published before 1994, transitional regulations apply—see {{PD-Sweden}}.

Works of art permanently exhibited in public spaces can be used without consideration to the creator of the work of art, e.g. freedom of panorama, and there are no restrictions on photos of buildings. (Upphovsrättslagen 24 §)

Governmental laws and ordinances, decisions and statements published by Swedish authorities, and official translations thereof, are not copyright protected. (Upphovsrättslagen 9 §)

An English translation of the Copyright Act is available at sweden.gov.se.

[edit] Switzerland

In Switzerland, copyright is covered in the Copyright Act (Urheberrechtsgesetz, URG, SR 231.1. See also w:Swiss copyright law). Generally, copyright lasts for 70 years after the death of the (last) author. If authorship is unknown, copyright lasts for 70 years after the first publication. However, the increase of the protection term from 50 to 70 years occurred in 1993; since the increase was not retroactive, all works made by authors deceased before 1 January 1943 are in the public domain in Switzerland.

Works not covered by copyright include:

• laws, ordinances, international treaties and other official acts;
• currency;
• decisions, protocols and reports by public authorities;
• patents and patent applications.

(See also template {{PD-Switzerland-official}} and {{Swiss Government Portrait}})

To be eligible for copyright in the first place, a work must be of individual character, i.e. be an individual expression of thought (Art. 2 par. 1 URG). Many photographs are therefore not protected (see {{PD-Switzerland-photo}} for details).

[edit] Syria

Syrian Law states that photos and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 10 years starting from the production date, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Taiwan

See #Republic of China above.

[edit] Tajikistan

See: here, copied from [31].

Copyright generally lasts for 50 years after the death of the author. Works not covered by copyright are covered in Article 7.

1. official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and official translations thereof;
2. state emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs);
3. communications concerning events and facts that have informational character;
4. works of folklore.

Anything that falls under this description can use {{PD-Tajikistan}}.

[edit] Turkey

See {{PD-TR-Gov}} and Turkish copyright law. The current copyright law of Turkey provides that copyright owned by a legal entity lasts for 70 years from first publication, and that copyright owned by an individual lasts for 70 years from death. See Law No. 5846 (12 May, 1951, as amended), Art. 27. That law provides that the creator of a work owns the copyright, except where the creator is employed by someone else, including an entity, in which case the employer or entity owns the copyright. Id., Art. 8.

[edit] United Kingdom

As with the rest of the European Union the basic copyright term in the United Kingdom is life of the author plus 70 years. There are a number of variations on this however. Works in the United Kingdom fall into two categories for the purposes of copyright duration: government works and non-government works. The former are covered by Crown copyright and Parliamentary copyright and their special duration rules and the latter by ordinary copyright duration rules.

[edit] Crown copyright

Crown copyright works have a basic term of protection of 50 years from date of commercial publication. For Crown works created before the entry into force of the Copyright Act 1956 on 30 June 1957 other rules apply. Crown copyright photographs created prior to 30 June 1957 have a copyright term of 50 years from creation. Published Crown copyright engravings created prior to 30 June 1957 have a copyright term of 50 years from commercial publication. Unpublished Crown copyright engravings of the period come out of copyright at the end of 2039. Crown artistic works other than engravings and photographs created prior to 30 June 1957 have a copyright term of 50 years from creation.

Further special rules apply to Crown artistic works created between 30 June 1957 and the entry into force of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 on 1 August 1989. Published engravings created in this period are still out of copyright 50 years after commercial publication. Unpublished engravings created in this period come out of copyright at the end of 2039 as before. Published photographs are out of copyright 50 years after publication. Unpublished photographs come out of copyright at the end of 2039. Other artistic works come out of copyright 50 years after creation.

For a summary of these times see the flowchart at [32].

Crown copyright sound recordings are much more simple. Copyright expires 50 years after creation unless the work is commercially published during that period when copyright expires 50 years after first publication.

[edit] Parliamentary copyright

Parliamentary copyright was created by the Copyright Designs & Patents Act 1988 and its duration rules are the same as for Crown copyright materials created after 30 August 1989.

[edit] Ordinary copyright

For ordinary copyright works the largest distinction is between those with a known author and those with a pseudonymous or anonymous author. There are also distinctions in copyright term between artistic works and sound recordings. The commencement dates for the Copyright Act 1957 and the Copyright Designs & Patents Act 1988 are also crucial.

If the work was created after 30 August 1989 and has a known author copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. If the work was photograph with a known author taken before 30 June 1957 then copyright also expires 70 years after the death of the author. If the work is a non-photograph artistic work with a known author which was created prior to 30 August 1989 then several scenarios can apply:

1. If the work was published during the author's lifetime then copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.
2. If the work was published before 30 August 1989 and the author died more than 20 years before publication then copyright expires 50 years after publication.
3. If the work was published before 30 August 1989 and the author died less than 20 years before publication then copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.
4. If the work was not published before 30 August 1989 and the author died after 1968 then copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.
5. If the work was not published before 30 August 1989 and the author died before 1969 then copyright expires at the end of 2039.

If the author is unknown then the basic time period to bear in mind is 70 years. If the work has an unknown author and was created after 30 August 1989 copyright expires either 70 years after creation or if during that period the work is made available to the public 70 years after that. If the work is a photograph with an unknown author taken before 1 June 1957 then copyright expires 70 years after creation or if during that period the work is made available to the public 70 years after that. If the work was created before 1969 with an unknown author then several scenarios can apply:

1. If the work was published before 30 August 1989 then copyright expires 70 years after first publication.
2. If the work is unpublished and was first made available to the public after 1968 then copyright expires 70 years after the work was first made available to the public.
3. If the work is unpublished and has never been made available to the public then copyright expires at the end of 2039.
4. If the work is unpublished and was first made available to the public before 1969 then copyright expires at the end of 2039.

For a summary of these rules see the Duration of Copyright (UK) flowchart [33].

The rules for ordinary copyright sound recordings are the same as for Crown copyright sound recordings.

[edit] Typographical copyright

If scanning a copyright-expired work from a British publication typographical copyright must be borne in mind. This subsists for 25 years from creation of the publication and covers the typographical arrangement of the publication. It does not exist in the United States.

[edit] Publication right

One related right to copyright that must be borne in mind in the United Kingdom is publication right. This applies to ordinary copyright works but does not apply to Crown copyright works. If the copyright of an unpublished work has expired (virtually impossible before 2039) then the first publisher of that work is entitled to publication right over that work. Publication right has the same rules as copyright but only lasts for 25 years. It does not exist in the United States.

[edit] Database right

If scanning material from a publication from 1982 or later database right must also be borne in mind. This right normally lasts 15 years from creation or substantial amendment of the database. Many books count as databases due to their systematic arrangement of information. Under transitional provisions works created from 1982-1997 are also covered by database right until the end of 2012, ie 15 years after the passage of the original legislation. It does not exist in the United States.

[edit] Exceptions to copyright

As with many other countries the UK defines an exception to copyright infringement for artistic works on public display. Section 62 of the Copyright Designs & Patents Act 1988 states that it is not an infringement of copyright to film, photograph, broadcast or make a graphic image of a building, sculpture, models for buildings or work of artistic craftsmanship if that work is permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.

[edit] United States

Anything published before January 1, 1923 is in the public domain. Anything published before January 1, 1964 and not renewed is in the public domain (search the renewal records for books and maps here). Anything published before March 1, 1989 with no copyright notice ("©", "Copyright" or "Copr.") plus the year of publication (may be omitted in some cases) plus the copyright owner (or pseudonym) is in the public domain.

Photographic works created after January 1, 1978 are protected for 70 years after the death of the creator. Works created but not published before January 1, 1978 are protected for 95 years from the date they were registered for copyright, or 95 (for anonymous or pseudonymous works) or 120 years (for works by individuals) from year of creation, whichever expires first. (see [34] for more information)

[edit] Works by the US Government

A work by the US federal Government is in the public domain.

• Images on government or government agency websites are not necessarily public domain; always look for copyright notices or similar. Especially the images on the favorite website "Astronomy Picture of the Day" are in most cases not within the public domain but copyrighted by their individual authors (so please do not upload images from there to Wikimedia Commons).
• This does not include governments of the individual states.
• This does not include government-funded corporations like Amtrak or the USPS. In particular, the USPS holds copyright on all US postage stamp designs since 1978 [35] (older US stamps are all public domain).
• This also does not include works commissioned by the US Government, but produced by contractors; in this case, the copyright may have been assigned to the US Government (for instance, the copyright of the official Ada programming language manual was assigned to the US Department of Defense).
• Some US government agencies may work in cooperation with other agencies or corporations; this is in particular the case of NASA, which operates the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in cooperation with Caltech, and operates a number of space projects in cooperation with foreign agencies such as ESA and CNES. Only materials solely produced by NASA will be in the public domain. The other agencies may hold copyright on some material, including material published on NASA sites (there will be copyright notices in that case).
• Commercial use of some Federal images, such as identifying insignia or identification, is prohibited however. Fraudulent use (such as wearing military decorations without authorization) is also banned. However, restrictions of this nature are not within the scope of Commons policy.
  • The United States Army Institute of Heraldry— the official custodian of ALL United States governmental images has addressed this issue with its Copyright statement, which informs the reader as to how to meet any commercial needs under this statute.

[edit] Yemen

Yemeni Law states that photos and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 10 years starting from the beginning of the publication year. It also states that television screenshots are protected for 3 years starting from the original broadcast date.

[edit] See also

• Commons:Currency
• Commons:Stamps/Public domain
• Copyright tags
• en:Wikipedia:Copyright FAQ
• Help:Public domain
• Stock.xchng Policy

[edit] Notes

1. ↑ 여기에는 위키미디어 공용이 책임을 질 수 없는 저작권 이외의 지리학적, 상표권, 그 외의 법에 대한 제한이 적용될 수 있습니다. Commons:Non-copyright restrictions 참고. 위키미디어 공용은 그림 설명 문서에서 어떠한 제한이라도 확실하게 언급이 되도록 하고 있습니다. 하지만, 자료를 사용해도 관련 법에 위배되지 않는 지를 확인하는 것은 사용자의 몫입니다. 특히, 일부 자료의 저작권은 어떤 나라에서는 소멸되었지만 다른 나라에서 계속 적용되는 경우도 있습니다. 또한, GFDL과 크리에이티브 커먼즈 동일조건변경허락과 같은 공용의 많은 라이선스는 이차적 저작물 또한 동일한 라이선스 상태로 공개하는 것을 요구하고 있습니다.
2. ↑ See Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc where it was decided that the SKYY vodka bottle and logo were not copyrightable
3. ↑ The definition of a photographic work, as opposed to a photo, is not precisely defined. There are still no precedents on this, but in practice "artistic or scientific value" has come to apply only to photos with distinctive originality, not to snapshot-like photos such as press photos.

[edit] External links

Collections of laws:

• UNESCO collection of copyright laws.
• WIPO Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (CLEA).
• CERLALC: Copyright laws of Latin America, the Caribbean states, and Spain and Portugal.
• CIPR: Copyright laws of the CIS nations and the three Baltic states.
• ECAP: Copyright laws of ASEAN countries.
• EuroMed Audiovisual II EU programme; has recent copyright laws of some mediterranean states (from Morocco to Turkey).

Copyright treaties:

• Berne Convention.
• WIPO Copyright treaty.
• EU Council Directive 93/98/EEC on the harmonization of copyright terms in the EU.

Other:

• Circular 38a: International Copyright Relations of the United States, from the U.S. Copyright Office. (A bit dated, some countries are missing.)
• Circular 38b: Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA, from the U.S. Copyright Office.
• 17 USC 104A: Copyright restorations in the U.S. due to the URAA
• Copyright in the USA