Commons:Nadawanie licencji

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Info:W tłumaczeniu na język polski, jeśli chcesz się przyłączyć, edytuj śmiało

Nadawanie licencji w innych językach:

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Strona Commons:Nadawanie licencji ma dać nieprawnikom przegląd skomplikowanych zagadnień związanych z prawem autorskim poprzez samouczek oparty na przykładach. Ma pomóc podjąć decyzję, czy dozwolone jest załadowanie na Wikimedia Commons pliku graficznego lub zawierającego inny przekaz.

Wikimedia Commons przyjmuje jedynie wolną zawartość (uwaga, link do Wikipedii angielskiej, nie istnieje jeszcze hasło po polsku na ten temat), to znaczy grafiki i inne pliki medialne, które mogą być użyte przez kogokolwiek w jakimkolwiek celu[1]. Szczegóły wyjaśnione są poniżej. Wikimedia Commons nie akceptuje dozwolonego użytku (ang. fair use); zobacz powody poniżej. Commons nie akceptuje też materiałów z licencją tylko do użytku niekomercyjnego.

Licencja, którą objęta jest grafika lub plik medialny, musi być wyraźnie określona przy użyciu szablonu, a informacje wymagane przez tę licencję muszą być umieszczone na stronie pliku. Powinny one być wystarczająco precyzyjne, by inni mogli zweryfikować status licencji. Licencję najlepiej określić od razu w polu podsumowanie/summary przy ładowaniu grafiki.

Jeśli prosisz o pozwolenie właściciela praw autorskich, skorzystaj z wzoru.
Ten komiks pokazuje użyteczność multilicencjonowania własnych prac. Kliknj, by powiększyć.

Contents


[edit] Dopuszczalne licencje

Wszystkie materiały na Commons muszą być objęte wolną licencją, która pozwoli każdemu korzystać z nich w dowolnym celu (zobacz: Commons:Zakres_projektu). W szczególności licencja spełniać musi następujące warunki:

  • republikacja i dystrybucja muszą być dozwolone,
  • publikacja prac pochodnych musi być dozwolona,
  • komercyjne wykorzystanie pracy musi być dozwolone,
  • uznanie wszystkich autorów/współtwórców może być wymagane,
  • publikowanie prac pochodnych pod tą samą licencją może być wymagane,
  • użycie otwartych formatów plików, nieograniczalnych przez cyfrowe zarządzanie restrykcjami (ang.: DRM) może być wymagane.

Następujące ograniczenia nie mogą dotyczyć pliku ze zdjęciem lub innym przekazem:

  • tylko na użytek Wikimedii (wyjątek stanowią umieszczone tu loga i inne znaki Wikimedii, zastrzeżone przez Fundację Wikimedia, będące znakami handlowymi, oznaczeniami serwisu i innymi elementami identyfikującymi strony projektów Fundacji Wikimedia),
  • tylko do użycia niekomercyjnego lub szkolnego,
  • udostępniony na zasadzie dozwolonego użytku,
  • powiadomienie autora wymagane dla pewnych lub wszystkich przypadków użycia.

W szczególności, zazwyczaj niedopuszczalne są:

  • zrzuty ekranu zawierające przedstawienia programów komputerowych nie udostępnianych na wolnych licencjach; przedstawienia programów na licencji GPL lub podobnej przeważnie są akceptowalne,
  • obrazy pochodzące z telewizji (z programów i reklam),
  • skany lub fotografie przedstawiające dzieła objęte prawem autorskim, zwłaszcza okładki książek, albumów, płyt muzycznych, itp.
  • zastrzeżone symbole, loga, itd.
  • modele, maski, zabawki i inne przedmioty przedstawiające obiekty chronione prawem autorskim, takie jak postaci z kreskówek i filmów (zamiast konkretnych aktorów).

Commons oczywiście zezwalają na umieszczanie prac nie podlegającym prawom autorskim (tzn. z domeny publicznej). Nie jest jednak jasne, jak powinien być traktowany materiał, który tylko niektóre państwa traktują jako należący do domeny publicznej, a inne nie – patrz rozdział o domenie publicznej poniżej.

[edit] Udostępnianie pod wieloma licencjami

Przykład uwolnionego przez autora zdjęcia miejsca publicznego. Udostępniony na dwóch licencjach: GFDL i CC-BY-SA (patrz strona z opisem)

Jednemu plikowi możesz przypisać tyle licencji, ile chcesz, pod warunkiem, że conajmniej jedna spełnia powyższe wymagania.

[edit] Ogólnie znane licencje

Dla materiałów z Commons preferowane są następujące ogólnie znane licencje:

Więcej rodzajów licencji opisanych jest na Commons:Copyright tags.

Uwaga: GFDL jest niepraktyczna dla obrazów i krótkich tekstów, zwłaszcza w druku; wymaga ona, by pełen tekst licencji dołączony był do obrazu lub tekstu. Z tego powodu zaleca się udostępnianie prac także na licencji, która pozwala na łatwiejsze korzystanie z obrazu lub tekstu, np. na jednej z licencji Creative Commons. Jeżeli możesz, nie używaj także GPL lub LGPL jako jedynej licencji dla udostępnianej pracy.

Następujące licencje, choć szeroko rozpowszechnione, są zabronione wprost, chyba że plik udostępniono także na jednej z wolnych licencji:

  • licencje Creative Commons "Tylko do użytku niekomercyjnego" (-NC, ang. Creative Commons Non-Commercial Only licenses),
  • licencje Creative Commons "Bez prawa do tworzenia utworów zależnych" (-ND, ang. Creative Commons No-Derivatives licenses),
  • materiał dostępny na zasadzie "dozwolonego użytku" lub podobnej (zobacz poniżej).

[edit] License Information

Example image with the recommended detailed image description (see image page)

Wszystkie strony opisu na commons muszą jasno informować, na jakiej licencji udostępnia się dany materiał, oraz zawierać wszelkie dane wymagane przez samą licencję (autora pracy, itd.). Strona opisu powinna także podawać informacje pomagające innym zweryfikować prawdziwość licencji (odnośnik do źródła).

W szczególności, następujące dane powinny zawsze zostać umieszczone na stronie opisu, niezależnie od tego, czy wymaga ich licencja:

  • Opis zawartości zdjęcia lub przekazu – kogo, co, gdzie, kiedy przedstawia, tak by wszyscy wiedzieli, co naprawdę jest treścią przekazu. Szczególnie istotne dla danych naukowych, np. obrazów w nienaturalnych kolorach.
  • Autora/twórcę zdjęcia lub przekazu. Dla przekazów uważanych za należące do domeny publicznej z powodu wygaśnięcia praw autorskich, data śmierci autora może być bardzo istotna (patrz poniżej: rozdział o domenie publicznej).
  • Źródło materiału, najlepiej odnośnik do strony lub pozycji bibliograficznej. W oczywisty sposób nie ma to zastosowania dla materiału, który nie był wcześniej nigdzie publikowany, a ładujący jest jego autorem – w takim wypadku należy o tym wprost napisać.

Dane wymienone poniżej są mniej ważne, ale także powinny być podane, jeśli są dostępne:

  • Data i miejsce powstania. Informacja ta jest istotna zwłaszcza dla dzieł uważanych za należące do domeny publicznej ze względu na wygaśnięcie praw autorskich (zob. sekcja o domenie publiczej poniżej).

These points of the description can be done at best using the Information template. For usage of this template see Commons:Criteria for inclusion.

  • The License that applies to the material. This should be done using a copyright tag.

See also Commons:Incomplete license.

[edit] Scope of Licensing

Note that in some cases, a document (media file) may have multiple aspects that can and have to be licensed: Every person that contributed a critical part of the work has rights to the results, and all have to make their contribution available under a free license. The distinctions are however not very clear and may differ from country to country. Here are a few examples to clarify:

  • For a recording of a song, the following aspects must be taken into account, each must be under a free license (or in the public domain):
    • The score of the music (rights by the composer)
    • The lyrics of the song (rights by the writer)
    • The performance (rights by the musicians, singers, etc)
    • The recording (rights by the technical personel / recording company)
  • For a picture of artwork (also book covers and the like), it is similar:
    • The creator of the original artwork has rights to the results.
    • The photographer has rights to the image.
  • For a picture of the interior of a building, note that the architect may hold some rights if distinct architectural features are shown (this is true at least in Germany).
  • For a picture of the exterior of a building, note that the architect may hold some rights; in some countries, this only applies if the picture was taken from a non-public place (Germany, Austria), but in some others this applies wherever the picture was taken from (France).

This is often problematic, if the artwork is not the primary content of the image or is not clearly recognizable: In that case, usually only the creator of the resulting picture (recording, etc) holds a copyright. For instance, when taking a photograph of a group of people in a museum, the photo may also show some painting on the walls. In that case the copyright of those painting does not have to be taken into account. The distinction however is not very clear.

Note that the License for all aspects has to be determined and mentioned explicitly.

Example of a reproduction of an old artwork within the public domain as its copyright is expired

Also note that reproductions are usually not eligible to copyright: The creator of a scan of a picture owns no copyright to the resulting digital image, the scan needs no license. The only license important in that case is the one of the original picture. This also applies to screenshots, see the section about screenshots below.

[edit] Material in the public domain

The commons accept material that is in the public domain, that is, documents that are not eligible to copyright or for which the copyright has expired. A general rule of thumb is that material enters the public domain after the creator of the work has been dead for more than 70 - or in the US, 95 - years. If a non-American author died before 1938, their work can safely be assumed to be in the public domain. If the work is anonymous or a collaborate work (e.g. an encyclopaedia), it is, according to the Berne convention, in the public domain 70 years after the date of publication.

However, the year and location of publication is essential. In several countries, material published before a certain year is in the public domain. In the U.S. this date is January 1, 1923. Furthermore, in some countries all material published by the government is public domain, while others claim some copyrights, yet others are very restrictive (See country specific details below).

In general, if something was created and first published in one country, that country's laws probably apply. But the details of copyright law are further complicated because international laws and treaties have to be taken into account, and in some well-known cases, material is in the public domain in one country, yet claimed copyright of in another.

In some jurisdictions (like the United States), you can also explicitly donate work you have created yourself to the public domain. In other places (like the European Union) this is technically not possible, but you can grant the right to use the picture freely with for example with a Creative Commons license.

[edit] Materiał objęty zasadą dozwolonego użytku (fair use) nie jest dopuszczalny na Commons

Wikimedia Commons nie dopuszcza materiałów na zasadzie dozwolonego użytku, ponieważ prawa regulujące dozwolony użytek są różne w różnych krajach. Zatem, zawartość zakwalifikowana jako dozwolony użytek według prawa jednego państwa mogłaby nie mieścić się w dozwolonym użytku według definicji wielu innych.

Kwalifikacja użycia objętego prawem autorskim materiału jako dozwolonego zależy również od kontekstu, w jakim dany materiał został użyty. Znaczy to, że ten sam element może być legalnie użyty na pewnej stronie, lecz na innej stanowić już będzie naruszenie praw autorskich. W szczególności, w dozwolonym użytku nie mieści się kolekcjonowanie i dystrybucja zdjęć w bazie danych, jaką są Commons. Zasada dozwolonego użytku nie odnosi się więc do Commons.

Obie powyższe przesłanki stoją w sprzeczności z polityką Commons: zapewniać możliwość użycia obrazów wszędzie, każdemu i w dowolnym celu.

Jeśli jednak lokalna Wiki zezwala na fair use (polska na taki NIE zezwala), możesz śmiało ładować na nią takie pliki.

[edit] Screenshots

Screenshot of a demo program that was released under CC-BY-SA by its authors

Screenshots are copyrighted if the displayed program or operating system is copyrighted. For a detailed discussion see here. Thus, screenshots can not be used on the commons unless all components, programs and data shown in them are under some free license. As an example, Microsoft's guidelines do not allow derivatives (see here). This means that the use of screenshots of Microsoft products would go against commons policy.

Note that the screenshot may be published under this free license only if all the images used for the program GUI have a free license. If, for example, all of them are PD then the screenshot must be PD too because the creative work of creating a screenshot is zero. If the screenshot contains icons or content of nonfree sites, the screenshot is not free. See the reply to a message to debian-legal@lists.debian.org posted by User:Paddy on debian-legal@lists.debian.org: reply 1

Thus, if the programmers do not agree to publish the program under a free license, and they do not explicitly license the screenshot (or all screenshots) under a free license, the screenshot is not free. This may not be true in all jurisdictions, but holds at least in the U.S. (due to Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.), in Germany (see Bildrechte in German Wikipedia), and probably all other countries of the European Union.

In some cases the program itself is a work of art - an example would be a demo (such as that illustrated above with the panda bear). Screenshots of such works are free if the program itself is free.

There may be exceptions to this if the screenshot shows only a work that was created using some program, not the program itself. This is especially true for fonts, which in some cases are considered programs.

Screenshot of the Free Software GPL licensed program Konqueror showing GFDL licensed Wikipedia main page

To create a free screenshot:

  1. Use a free program with a completely free skin. (A KDE Program using crystal images is an example)
  2. Cut away all possibly copyrighted stuff. Just show the content.
  3. The content of the screenshot must be free too. Make sure the screenshot does not contain trademarks, unfree text or images, or anything else that the general public does not have permission to make free use of.

Please tag screenshots that shown only free content with {{free screenshot}} in addition to an appropriate copyright tag. You should also indicate under what free license the program is.

[edit] Derivative Works

You want a picture of Mickey Mouse, but of course you can't just scan it in. Why not take a picture of a little action figure and then upload it? Don't. The reason why you can't upload photographs of such figures is that they are considered as derivative works. Such works can't be published without permission of the original creator.

The US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 101, says: "A derivative work is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a “derivative work”." A photograph of a copyrighted item is considered a derivative work in US jurisdiction. US Copyright Act of 1976, Section 106: "(...) (T)he owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following: (...) (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;"

Therefore, "unauthorized" derivative works like pictures of action figures, toys etc. must be deleted.

For more information, see Commons:Derivative works.

[edit] Interaction of United States Copyright Law and Foreign Copyright Law

It is important to remember when uploading a material from a country outside the United States that the copyright laws of both that country and the United States apply to the upload. Beyond that if material that has been saved from a third party website is uploaded to Commons then the copyright laws of the United States, the country of residence of the uploader and the country of location of the webservers of the website apply. Consequently any licence to use the material should apply in all jurisdictions relevant and if the material is in the public domain in order for it to be allowable on Commons it must be in the public domain in all jurisdictions relevant.

For example, if a person in the United Kingdom uploads a picture that has been saved off a French website to the Commons server the upload is covered by UK, French and US copyright law. In order for a photograph to be acceptable for upload to Commons it must be public domain in France, the United Kingdom and the United States, or there must be an acceptable copyright licence for the photograph which covers the UK, US and France.

[edit] Checklist

Let's assume you took a picture with your camera, or you've scanned it from somewhere, or you've downloaded it off a web server - and want to upload it to Wikimedia Commons. How do you know what's OK and what's not? Here's a simple chart that helps you decide. In cases of doubt, read the further advice for your country first. If you still don't know for sure, ask on Commons:Help desk or Commons:Village pump in your local language.

Definitely OK:

Own photos of:

  • Nature (forest, sky, etc.)
  • Animals (cats, dogs, etc.)
  • Insects (ants, beetles, etc.)
  • People who have given their consent
  • Yourself (as long as you don't use this as your private webspace)
  • Objects that are PD by age both in the United States and your jurisdiction:
    • Buildings built by an architect who died 70+ (preferably 100+) years ago
    • Works of art created by an artist who died 70+ (preferably 100+) years ago
    • Books by authors who died 70+ (preferably 100+) years ago

Own scans of:

  • Material where copyright has expired in your jurisdiction and the United States.

Material from web servers:

  • Material where copyright has expired in your jurisdiction, the United States and the jurisdiction of the web server.

Questionable, may or may not be OK:

All kinds of copyrighted material:

  • Logos (only very simple designs are OK)
  • Cars
  • Products of daily use (simple designs are OK)
  • Book covers (only very simple designs are OK)
  • Album / CD covers
  • Buildings built by an architect who died less than 70 years ago (or is still alive)
  • Permanently installed works of art in a public place, created by an artist who died less than 70 years ago (or is still alive)
  • Interiors of private houses, homes, museums
  • Screenshots (see Screenshots)
  • Celebrities

Definitely not OK

  • Fair use images
  • Fan art that closely resembles copyrighted material
  • Photographs of normal people who have not given their consent to being photographed
  • Photographs, drawings, scans and other reproductions of objects that are copyrighted by someone other than yourself like the following:
    • Works that are not permanently installed, created by an artist who died less than 70 years ago (or is still alive)
    • Action figures, statuettes, costumes and other copyrighted material (see Derivative Works)

[edit] International law

[edit] Berne Convention

Almost all countries in the world are party to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (see here for the text). Following this convention, countries enforce copyrights from other countries, according to certain rules. One consequence of these rules is that we should always care about the laws of the country of origin of the work.

Most important is article 7, which sets the term of duration of the protections granted by the Convention. The Convention sets a minimal term of 50 years after the life of the authors (subject to some exceptions). However, each country is free to set longer terms.

In any case, the term shall be governed by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed; however, unless the legislation of that country otherwise provides, the term shall not exceed the term fixed in the country of origin of the work.

[edit] European copyright law

The European Union has issued directives harmonizing copyright rules in the European Union (see Copyright law of the European Union). Note, however, that directives, unlike European regulations, do not apply uniformly. They have to be transposed into national law by each country's legislature, and they often offer significant leeway in doing so. This is, for instance, the case for the legal exemptions of copyright (equivalent of "fair use"), which are allowed to differ within certain limits.

The most important, for our purposes, is the Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection (text). This directive sets the duration of copyright to 70 years following the death of the author (for multiple authors, of the last author; for collective, pseudonymous or anonymous works, following the date of publication).

However, this directive does not shorten already running extended copyright terms in countries that apply them. This means, for instance, that the copyright extensions that France granted to compensate wars still apply (see below).


[edit] Country-specific laws

Laws about copyright differ from country to country. Images uploaded to Commons, unless uploaded from the United States, involve the interaction of two or more copyright jurisdictions. Generally, the policy applied on Commons is to only allows images that can be used in all (or at least most) countries. The laws of individual countries differ especially in the following points:

  • The time for which a copyright applies. In most countries, copyright expires no later than 70 years after the death of the author.
  • Status of works of the government. In many (but not all) countries, documents published by the government for official use are in the public domain.
  • Material applicable for copyright. In some jurisdictions, pictures of artistic work like architecture, sculpures, clothing etc. can not be used freely without the consent of the creator of the original artwork.

The safest way to apply international copyright law is to consider the laws of all the relevant jurisdictions and then use the most restrictive combination of laws to determine whether something is copyrighted or not. The jurisdictions that might need to be considered are:

  • The place where the work was created;
  • The place where the work is being uploaded from;
  • The place that any web server the work has been downloaded from physically is;
  • The United States.

A work is only allowed on Commons if it is either public domain in all relevant jurisdictions or if there is a free licence which applies to the work in all relevant jurisdictions.

In the case of a painting published in France please do apply US-American copyright laws as those copyright laws apply to the servers of Commons. Also apply the copyright laws of the country you are in and the copyright laws of any web server you got the work off. In the case of a French painting uploaded to Commons from a French web server by someone living in the UK three copyright jurisdictions would apply: France, UK and US. US law would mean that if the painting had not been published before 1923 it would be in copyright. British law would mean that if the painting was by an artist who had been dead for less than 70 years it would be in copyright. French law would mean that if the painting was by an artist who died for France it would be in copyright for even longer than under British law. In this case the most restrictive combination of jurisdictions would be French and US. Only if the painting was legally in the public domain in both France and the United States could it be uploaded from a French web server to Commons.

Relevant country-specific differences in the duration of copyright (from 70 years pma) and exceptions of the application of copyright are discussed below (countries are listed in alphabetical order):

[edit] Algieria

Algierskie prawo mówi że zdjęcia i filmy są chronione przez 50 lat, licząc od końca roku publikacji, po tym okresie są w domenie publicznej.

[edit] Arab States

Laws are found in both Arab Committee for Protecting Intellectual Property and Arab Law Group Organization

[edit] Argentyna

Dostępne szablony PD {{PD-AR-Photo}} (grafiki opublikowane w Argentynie 25 lat temu, lub wcześniej), {{PD-AR-Movie}} (dla filmów, 50 lat po śmierci scenarzysty i reżysera filmu), {{PD-AR-Anonymous}} (dla prac anonimowych należących do instytucji, korporacji, lub bytów prawnych zarejestrowanych w Argentynie, opublikowanych 50 lat temu, lub wcześniej) i {{PD-AR-Presidency}} dla zdjęć z Argentyńskiej strony prezydenckiej. Więcej informacji w konkretnych szablonach.

[edit] Australia

[edit] Government-produced works

According to [1] (pdf), copyright of works with Commonwealth, State, or Territory-owned copyright expires 50 years from the date of creation (rounded up to the nearest year). Following that logic, all government-created works created before 1 January 1956 should be in the public domain.

[edit] Non-government works

Presently, the Australian Copyright Act 1968[2] should be consulted to determine whether the copyright of a work produced or published in Australia has expired.

  • Australian copyright is applied to works published first in Australia or whose original author is/was an Australian citizen, Australian resident or person under protection of the Australian government.[3]
  • For published works, the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author.[4]
  • For previously unpublished works, the copyright cannot expire less than 70 years after the first publication of the work. [5]
  • For anonymous/pseudonymous works, the copyright expires 70 years after the first publication of the work.[6]

Following this logic:

  • All non-government-created works whose author deceased before 1 January 1936 are in the public domain.
  • All anonymous/pseudonymous works published before 1 January 1936 are in the public domain.

[edit] Belarus

The copyright law of Belarus states that the copyright term lasts for life, then extended for the next 50 years after the death of the author. In the case of more than one author, it will be 50 years p.m.a. after the death of the last author.

[edit] Brazil

According to Brazilian Copyright law of 1998 (in Portuguese) translation:

Chapter III -The Economic Rights of the Authors and Term Thereof

  • Art. 28. The author has the exclusive right to use his literary, artistic or scientific work, to derive benefit from it and to dispose of it.
  • Art. 41. The author's economic rights shall be protected for a period of 70 years as from the first of January of the year following his death, subject to observance of the order of succession under civil law.
  • Art. 42. Where a literary, artistic or scientific work of joint authorship is indivisible, the term of protection provided for in the foregoing Article shall be calculated from the death of the last surviving joint author.
  • Art. 43. The term of protection of economic rights in anonymous or pseudonymous works shall be 70 years counted from the first of January of the year following that of the first publication.

Sole Paragraph. The provisions of Articles 41 and its sole paragraph shall be applicable where the author makes his identity known before the expiry of the period referred to in the introduction to this Article.

  • Art. 44. The economic rights in audiovisual and photographic works shall be protected for a period of 70 years from the first of January of the year following that of their disclosure.
  • Art. 45. In addition to the works in respect of which the protection of the economic rights has expired, the following shall pass into the public domain:
    • I. the works of authors deceased without heir;
    • II. the works of unknown authors, subject to the legal protection of ethnic and traditional lore.

Chapter V - Term of Protection for Neighboring Rights

  • Art. 96. The term of protection of neighboring rights shall be 70 years from the first of January of the year following fixation for phonograms, transmission for the broadcasts of broadcasting organization, and public performance in other cases.

[edit] Freedom of panorama

  • Art. 48. Works permanently located in public places may be freely represented by painting, drawing, photography and audiovisual processes.

[edit] Canada

According to the Copyright Act, a copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 50 years following the end of the calendar year of death (section 6). If the work is anonymous or pseudonymous then the copyright lasts either 50 years following publication or 75 years after the making of the work, whichever is earlier (section 6.1).

[edit] China

[edit] People's Republic of China

According to the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China in effect in Mainland China:

  • Article 5: The law does not apply to those specified in Template:PD-PRC-exempt.
  • Article 20: The rights of authorship, alteration and integrity of an author shall be unlimited in time. These are moral rights.
  • Article 21:
    • A copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 50 years following the end of the calendar year of death.
    • A legal entity or other organization or in respect of a work created in the course of employment enjoys the copyright for 50 years since the first publication.
    • A cinematographic work, a work created by virtue of an analogous method of film production or a photographic work is copyrighted for 50 years since the first publication.
    • All of the preceeding terms expire on December 31 of the last year.

According to the Chinese Civil Law Article 100 photos of regular people may not be published without their consent， if the person can be identified. The use of the image for profit (commercially) without his consent shall be prohibited.

[edit] Hong Kong

According to Chapter 528 Copyright Ordinance, in Section 17 Duration of copyright in literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, in the law of Hong Kong, a work's copyright expires 50 years after the last death of known authors, or the work's first publication for unknown authorship, or the year it made when the work is never made public and with unknown authorship. The above-mentioned ordinance does not apply to the work of Hong Kong Government, Legislative Council and certain international organizations. Their copyrights are under separate ordinances. [7]

[edit] Macau

According to the Copyright Law (Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M):

  • Article 6: Official works are not protected. See also Template:PD-MacaoGov.
  • Article 21: Generally, copyright shall lapse 50 years after the death of the creator of the work, even in the case of works disclosed or published posthumously, to expire at the end of the last year.
  • Article 51: Non-Macanese works are copyrightable in Macau for the Macanese copyright duration or the home country or area, whichever is less, i.e. the rule of the shorter term applies in Macau.
  • Article 106: The copyright in an audiovisual work shall lapse 50 years after its disclosure.
  • Article 148: The copyright in works of applied art shall lapse 25 years after the completion of the work.
  • Article 155: The copyright in photographic works shall lapse 25 years after their completion, even if they have never been disclosed or published.
  • Article 182: The rights of performers shall lapse 50 years after the performance.
  • Article 188: The rights of producers of phonograms and videograms shall lapse 50 years after fixation.
  • Article 192: The rights of broadcasting organizations shall lapse 20 years after the broadcast.

[edit] Republic of China

According to the Copyright Act of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan Area:

  • Article 9: Works specified in Template:PD-ROC-exempt shall not be the subject matter of copyright.
  • Article 30:
    • Generally, economic rights endure for the life of the author and 50 years after the author's death.
    • Where a work is first publicly released between the 40th and 50th years after the author's death, the economic rights shall endure for a term of 10 years beginning from the time of the first public release.
  • Article 31: Economic rights in a joint work subsist for 50 years after the death of the last surviving author.
  • Article 32
    • Economic rights in a pseudonymous work or an anonymous work endure for 50 years from the time of public release; provided, the economic rights shall be extinguished where it can be proven that the author has been deceased for over 50 years.
    • The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply when the pseudonym of the author is well known to the public.
  • Article 33: Economic rights in works authored by a juristic person endure for 50 years after the public release of the work; provided, if the work is not publicly released within 50 years from the completion of the creation, the economic rights shall subsist for 50 years after completion of the creation.
  • Article 34:
    • Economic rights for photographic works, audiovisual works, sound recordings, and performances endure for 50 years after the public release of the work.
    • The proviso of the preceding article shall apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding paragraph.
  • Article 35: All terms of duration specified in Articles 30 through 34 terminate as of the last day of the last year of the term.

[edit] Czech Republic

According to law # 121/2000, §3, a) there is no copyright on official works, such as legal acts, public documents including those in preparation, documents published by the House of Representatives and Senate, state symbols (flags, coats of arms, anthems) of countries and administrative subdivisions, municipal chronicles and any other works whose exclusion from copyright protection is in public interest.

Panoramafreiheit: Works displayed in public area (square, street, park, public road or another public space), whether permanently or temporarily, can be freely recorded through drawing, painting, photograph or movie, but not through three-dimensional models. Author of the derivative work should only mention the author and name of the original work, if practical (§33).

In line with EU Copyright Directive, authors are entitled to royalties for usage of their works during their lifetime and 70 years after their death (until December 31 of that year) (§27). Performing artists (e.g., actors, musicians, dancers) are entitled to royalties for 50 years after publishing of their performance (§73).

[edit] Denmark

According to Danish law, Consolidated Act on Copyright 2003, the copyright on "photographic images" expire 50 years after the image's creation. However, for "photographic works" the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. The definition of a photographic work, as opposed to image is not precisely defined. In general a work is considered to have to display some form of originality or other special artistic properties. Simple snap-shots do not qualify as works. Interpretation is highly subjective. There is some debate as to whether all works by a professional photographer constitute works as opposed to simple images.

[edit] Egypt

Egyptian Law states that photos are protected for 15 years starting from the starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Finland

According to Finnish Copyright law of 2005 copyright expires for photographs not considered to be "works of art" fifty years after the photograph was taken. Photographs considered to be "works of art" are protected normally for 70 years after the death of the works creator. The difference between a photograph and photographic work of art is not precisely defined. As an example, the (legally not binding) opinion of the Finnish Copyright Council [8] is that this photograph of Paavo Nurmi "-- is despite its historical importance a regular photo of current events. The photograph does not demonstrate original and personal contribution from the photographer and so it can't be considered to be -- a photographic work.".

The copyright law of 1995 extended the copyright time from 25 years (according to the 1961 copyright law) to 50 years. However, material already released to public domain according to the 1961 law remain in public domain and therefore all photographs (but not photographic works of art) released before 1956 are in the public domain.

The textual representations of Finnish coat of arms of municipalities, regions and provinces are considered to be governmental decisions and therefore they are not protected by copyright. According to the opinions of the Finnish Copyright Council 1997:11 and 1998:5 also the graphical representation is thought not to meet the requirements for a original work of art and therefore is not protected by copyright. This is also thought to be true for the coat of arms of historical provinces and other historical coats of arms.

Photos of works of art exhibited in public spaces can only be used for non-commercial purposes, unless it is clear that the work is not the main subject in the photo (freedom of panorama). There are no restrictions on photos of general buildings but a single home or yard may not be photographed.

[edit] People

[9]

Photos of people who are of public interest (famous politician, artist, sportsman) and who are carrying out their public duties or work may be published without consent.

Photos of regular people may not be published without their consent

  1. unless the person is clearly not the main subject of the image;
  2. if the picture causes damage, suffering or despisal to the person in the picture.

However, if the person can be identified, the image may never be used in advertisement (commercially) without consent.

[edit] France

The relevant laws are in the first book of the Code of Intellectual Property, or CPI (English version). The code includes dispositions transposed from the 1993 European directive on Copyright. France also enforces the Berne Convention.

The normal duration of copyright is 70 years following the death of the author (or the death of the last author for multiple authors); if the work is anonymous, pseudonymous or collective, it is 70 years following the publication of the work (unless the authors named themselves). See below for important extensions to copyright.

[edit] Images from public sites

Note that French government services often use professional photographers who are not government employees to make official photographs. These photographers then typically sell an usage right to the government. In such circumstances, the government does not own the copyright to the photograph, and thus could not give us a license to use it even if it wanted to.

The rules for protection of works by the government are somewhat fuzzy, and one should assume by default that anything from a government entity is copyrighted. One should refer to:

Unless you really know what you're doing, please abstain from copying photos from French government sites to the commons. Thanks.

[edit] Wartime copyright extensions

French law grants extensions to copyright because of the World Wars (see CPI L123-8 and following). The extensions are:

  • about 5 years for WW1
  • about 8.5 years for WW2
  • 30 years for people who died for France (only in WW2?); this includes, for instance, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.

Several extensions can be added together.

The European directive on copyright does not necessarily suppress these extensions:

Article 10 - Where a term of protection, which is longer than the corresponding term provided for by this Directive, is already running in a Member State on the date referred to in Article 13 (1), this Directive shall not have the effect of shortening that term of protection in that Member State.

According to the French Ministry of Culture, the legal status of these extensions, adopted when copyright was 50 years after death, is unclear in the context of the new 70-year law; the Ministry calls for erring on the side of caution and assuming they are valid. [10]

Note that one should not assume that copyright holders do not try enforce these extensions. In 2005, right holders demanded payment for a movie where a character whistled The Internationale, whose author died in 1932. On the other hand, the Paris Appeal Court ruled against applying the extensions in 2004 [11], but on 12 October 2005, another section of the same court applied the extension so that the works of a painter who died in 1931 will not enter the public domain before late 2016 [12]. The case is now before the French supreme court (Court of Cassation).

[edit] Works of arts, including architecture, exhibited in public spaces

The architect of a notable building owns copyright over the representations of that building, including postcards and photographs. For instance, the architect of the pyramid in the courtyard of the Louvre Museum may claim copyright over images of the pyramid. This, for instance, extends to the designer of lighting systems; for instance, the company operating the Eiffel Tower claims copyright of images of the tower when lighted at night.

However, ruling #567 of March 15, 2005 of the Court of Cassation denied the right of producers of works of arts installed in a public plaza over photographs of the whole plaza:

Because the Court has noticed that, as it was shown in the incriminated images, the works of Mr X... and Z... blended into the architectural ensemble of the Terreaux plaza, of which it was a mere element, the appeals court correctly deduced that this presentation of the litigious work was accessory to the topic depicted, which was the representation of the plaza, so that the image did not constitute a communication of the litigious work to the public

The court draws a distinction between depictions of a work of art, and depictions of whole settings of which the work of art is a mere part, and denies the right of the artist over such images.

While architects have may have rights to works derived from their work of art, this is not the case of the owners of works of art or buildings, in general. The summary of the conclusions of a May 7, 2004 ruling by the Court of Cassation was:

The owner of a thing does not have an exclusive right over the image of this thing; he or she can however oppose the usage of this image by a third party if this usage results in an abnormal disturbance to him or her."

In this decision, the court excluded that the owner of a hotel, who had made extensive repairs and enhancements to the buildings at high costs, could claim exclusive rights to the image of that hotel: merely demonstrating that the costs supported did not demonstrate that the publishing of images was an abnormal disturbance.

The Court already ruled on June 5, 2003, that the right of property comprised absolutely no right to the image of this property. However, they also upheld the right to privacy of the homeowners: in this case, not only a photograph of a house was published, but also its exact location and the name of the owners. Earlier rulings (May 2, 2001) similarly rejected requests based on ownership without a justification of an abnormal disturbance.

[edit] Germany

[edit] freedom of panorama

Objects permanently located in public that can be photographed from public (accessible) grounds without devices such as a ladder and can be used by its photographer for any purpose, regardless if it displays a modern artwork/building or not. This right is called Panoramafreiheit (freedom of panorama). However in some circumstances certain modifications (but not usage) of the image can be prohibited by the copyright owner of the object (artist or architect) if the copyright of that object has not expired. A notable exception from freedom of panorama was the wrapped German Reichstag by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude since it was from the beginning not a permanent installation.

[edit] official works

By German law, documents are in the public domain (gemeinfrei) if they have been published as part of a law or official decree or edict, or if they have been released as an official announcement or for public information. The relevant law is section 5 of the UrhG. The first and most important sentence states:

Gesetze, Verordnungen, amtliche Erlasse und Bekanntmachungen sowie Entscheidungen und amtlich verfaßte Leitsätze zu Entscheidungen genießen keinen urheberrechtlichen Schutz.

For more information about German copyright laws, see the meta-page Wikipedia:Bildrechte on the German Wikipedia.

[edit] India

According to Indian copyright law, all pictures published in India more than 60 years ago are in the public domain. [13]

[edit] Indonesia

Translated from Indonesian Copyright Act No. 19, 2002 ([14] in Indonesian):

Chapter II, Section 5, about the limitation of copyright.

Article 14: Copyright violation cannot be claimed for:

  • Publication and/or distribution of the country insignia and national anthem whenever there is no modification from the original.
  • Publication and/or distribution of any object that has been published and/or distributed by or under the name of the Government, except if the copyright of the object is protected, either by law or by written consent, when the object was published and/or distributed.
  • Citing of actual news, fully or partially, from any news agency, broadcasting agency, and newspaper or any other publishing materials, with a complete description of the source.

Chapter III, about copyright duration.

Article 29

  • Copyright duration of book, pamphlet, and any writing materials, theatrical act and musical act, dance, choreography, all kind of art products, song and music with or without lyrics, architecture, presentation, course, map and translation is as long as the author live, or 50 years later after the author died.

Article 30

  • Copyright duration of software, cinematography, photography, database and engineering product is 50 years after the invention of the product.

[edit] Iran

According to the Iranian "Law for Supporting Authors, Composers, and Artists" (قانون حمایت حقوق مؤلفان و مصنفان و هنرمندان), passed on 11 Dey 1348 (January 1, 1970) and published in the official newspaper number 7288 on 21 Bahman 1348 (February 1, 1970), for many images, including paintings, the work is in the public domain if all of its authors have died for at least 30 Iranian years (may be different from 30 Gregorian years by a few days).

As special exceptions, if the work is cinematic or photographic or if the (economic) rights of a work have been transferred to a legal person, the work will become public domain after 30 Iranian years from its publication or offering.

[edit] Iraq

Iraqi Law states that photos are protected for 5 years, starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Israel

According to Israel's copyright law, works are protected until 70 years after their author's death. Freedom of Panorama applies: Taking and publishing photos of works of art – if these are permanently installed in a public place – and of architectural works is allowed.

[edit] Italy

In compliance to Italian copyright law term of copyright expires according to law of 22 April 1941 n. 633, revised by the law of 22 May 2004, n. 128 article 87 and article 92, all non artistic photographs enter the public domain after 20 years counted from the beginning of the following calendar year (ie. as of 2006, prior to the 1st of January, 1986) after they were first published, this rule is valid also for italian film's screenshot. Artistic photographs enter in the public domain after 70 years.

The theory that the 70 year rule applies to works of the Italian government is unproven and disputed. See Template talk:PD-ItalyGov.

[edit] Japan

According to the Japanese Copyright Law, the copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 50 years (article 51). If the work is anonymous or pseudonymous, the copyright lasts for 50 years after the publication or the death of the author, whichever is the earlier (article 52). The copyrights of the works in names of organizations expire in 50 years after the publication, or in 50 years after the creation if the works are not published within 50 years after the creation (article 53). Films are exceptionally protected for 70 years after the publication, or in 70 years after the creation if the films are not published within 70 years of the creation (article 54).

Works correspond to the following are not eligible for copyrights (article 13).

  • The constitution, and other laws and ordinances.
  • Announcements and notifications by the organizations of the national or local governments.
  • Judicial decisions of the law courts.

[edit] Jordan

Jordanian Law states that photos and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 25 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Kuwait

Kuwaiti Law states that photos, films and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 50 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Lebanon

Lebanese Law states that photos and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 50 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they should be under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5.

[edit] Mexico

According to the Mexican law (See Art. 29: Ley federal del derecho de autor, critical commentary, in Spanish) a copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 100 years following the end of the calendar year of death of the youngest author or the publication date in case of the federal, state or municipal governments. There is one exception: works that were already in the public domain before July 23, 2003. Generally speaking, that means works created by someone who had died before July 23, 1928 (75 years before).

Also note that taking pictures or video of some buildings (such as banks) is forbidden.

[edit] Morroco

Morrocan Law states that photos and films are Protected for 50 years starting from the end of the publication year, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Netherlands

Publications from the Dutch government are copyrighted only if there is a copyright notice on it. See http://www.ivir.nl/legislation/nl/copyrightact.html for the Dutch copyright law, this exception is in article 15b.

In addition, Dutch laws and legal judgements are completely free of copyright (article 11, same law).

Reproduction of images from the government's websites is usually allowed as long as the source is mentioned. (See for example)

Works of individual authors are protected till 70 years after the death of the author. Works created for a commission gave copyright protection till 70 yrs after the date of first publication.

[edit] Norway

Works are protected 70 years after author's death, or 70 years after publication if the author is unknown/anonymous. There is one exception: Photos that are not considered artistic works (i.e. snapshots) are protected until no less than 15 years after the photographer's death and no less than 50 years after publication.

Photos of works of art exhibited in public spaces can only be used for non-commercial purposes, unless it is clear that the work is not the main subject in the photo (freedom of panorama). There are no restrictions on photos of buildings.

Texts of laws and decisions, reports and statements made and published by state or local authorities are not protected by copyright, but images used in such publications may be protected unless they were made specifically for the publication.

Photos of people may not be published without their consent unless either a) the image illustrates a current event of interest the general public, or b) the person is clearly not the main subject of the image (i.e. passers-by may be included unless they fill an unreasonable amount of the image) or c) the image depicts a gathering, an outdoor parade or something which is of interest to the general public. This is part of the Copyright Act, and thus might affect the right to publish an image under a free license, as the person depicted retains the right to refuse use of the image.

[edit] Pakistan

According to Pakistani copyright laws, all photographs enter the public domain fifty years after they were created, and all non-photographic works enter the public doman fifty years after the death of the creator.

[edit] The Philippines

Copyrighted photographs are protected for 50 years after publication. Works by the government of the Philippines are not protected by copyright. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work was created is necessary for exploitation of such works for profit. (Republic Act 8293)

[edit] Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabian Law states that photos, films sound and artistic works are protected for 25 years starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Former Soviet Union

Works published by the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics before 27 May 1973 were not protected by International Copyright Conventions and are thus in the public domain.

Note that in Russia some of these works are protected by copyright.

This theory is unproven and disputed. See en:Template_talk:PD-USSR, and also Template talk:PD-Soviet.

[edit] Spain

In Spain the "copyright" is known as "intellectual property". Generally, according to Spanish law, Royal Act 1/1996, on april 12th, about Intellectual Property (Spanish PDF), the copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. If the "intellectual property" of the work isn't owned by anybody, or it is a collective work where individual authors are not identifyable, this work would be on public domain after 70 years since the date of publication. However, works before 1987 are dealed with 1879 law, which sets a protection time of eighty years post mortem auctoris.

70-year limits are calculated from 1st January, the following year to the date of the death or publication.

Exceptions to this (that may be useful in commons) are:

  • The pieces of work situated permanently in parks, streets, squares and other public ways can be reproduced, distributed and communicated freely by using paintings, drawings, photographies and audiovisual procedures.
  • According to the present Law, the Intellectual Property Rights of the authors of simple photographs will last for 25 years starting from the 1st of Januarty of the year after the photograph or reporduction has been taken.
    • "Simple photographs" are those which represent reality as it is without any creative or intellectual effort
  • Legal or ruling dispositions and their correspondent projects, resolutions of jurisdictional organs and acts, agreements, deliberations and reports of public organizations, and so official translations of all these texts are not subjected to "intellectual property".

[edit] Sudan

Sudanese Law states that photos and films are protected for 25 years starting from the publication date, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Sweden

Photographs published after 1994 are protected for 70 years after the author's death if they have an artistical or scientific value.[2] Photos that lack artistic value are only protected for 50 years after creation. If the photograph was published before 1994, transitional regulations apply -- see {{PD-Sweden}}.

Works of art permanently exhibited in public spaces can be used without consideration to the creator of the work of art, eg. freedom of panorama, and there are no restrictions on photos of buildings. (Upphovsrättslagen 24 §)

Governmental laws and ordinances, decisions and statements published by Swedish authorities, and official translations thereof, are not copyright protected. (Upphovsrättslagen 9 §)

[edit] Switzerland

In Switzerland, copyright is covered in the Copyright Act (Urheberrechtsgesetz, URG, SR 231.1). Generally, copyright lasts for 70 years after the death of the (last) author. If authorship is unknown, copyright lasts for 70 years after the first publication.

Works not covered by copyright include:

  • laws, ordinances, international treaties and other official acts;
  • currency;
  • decisions, protocols and reports by public authorities;
  • patents and patent applications.

(see also template {{PD-Switzerland-official}})

To be eligible for copyright in the first place, a work must be of individual character, i.e. be an individual expression of thought (Art. 2 par. 1 URG). Many photographs are therefore not protected (see {{PD-Switzerland-photo}} for details).

[edit] Syria

Syrian Law states that photos and two dimensional artistic works are protected for 10 years starting from the production date, after which they are in public domain.

[edit] Taiwan

See #Republic of China above.

[edit] Tajikistan

See: here, copied from [15].

Copyright generally lasts for 50 years after the death of the author. Works not covered by Copyright are covered in Article 7.

  1. official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and official translations thereof;
  2. state emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs);
  3. communications concerning events and facts that have informational character;
  4. works of folklore.

Anything that falls under this description can use {{PD-Tajikistan}}

[edit] United Kingdom

As with the rest of the European Union the basic copyright term in the United Kingdom is life of the author plus 70 years. There are a number of variations on this however. Works in the United Kingdom fall into two categories for the purposes of copyright duration: government works and non-government works. The former are covered by Crown copyright and Parliamentary copyright and their special duration rules and the latter by ordinary copyright duration rules.

[edit] Crown Copyright