Albert Einstein

**Albert Einstein**
	German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
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Spoken text audio	Armenianⓘ
Pronunciation audio	Germanⓘ
Audio recording of the subject's spoken voice	Englishⓘ
Name in native language	Albert Einstein;
Date of birth	14 March 1879; Ulm
Date of death	18 April 1955; Princeton
Manner of death	natural causes;
Cause of death	abdominal aortic aneurysm;
Place of burial	National Museum of Health and Medicine (Albert Einstein's brain);
Country of citizenship	Kingdom of Württemberg (1, –1896); statelessness (2, 1896–1901); Switzerland (3, 1901–); Cisleithania (4, 1911–1912); Weimar Republic (5, 1918–1933); Germany (6, 1933–1934); United States (7, 1940–);
Residence	Einsteinhaus Caputh (Schwielowsee, 1929–1932); Einsteinhaus (Bern, Kramgasse, 49, 1903–1905); Munich; Princeton; Smíchov (1911–); Schaffhausen (1901–1902);
Educated at	ETH Zurich (Bachelor of Science, mathematics education, 1896–1900); Luitpold-Gymnasium (1888–1894); Old Kantonsschule (Albert Einstein House) (1896, matura, 1895–1896); University of Zurich (doctorate, physics, –1905);
Doctoral advisor	Alfred Kleiner (1905, first doctoral advisor); Heinrich Burkhardt (second doctoral advisor); Heinrich Friedrich Weber;
Doctoral student	Leó Szilárd;
Occupation	theoretical physicist (theory of relativity, quantum physics); philosopher of science; inventor; science writer; pedagogue; university teacher (1909–); physicist; philosopher; writer; scientist; mathematician; patent examiner (1901–1906); professor (Universitäts-Professor); pacifist;
Employer	Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property (1902–1909); Charles University; University of Zurich (professor, 1909–1911); German University in Prague (professor, 1911–1912); ETH Zurich (professor, 1912–1914); Kaiser Wilhelm Society (director, 1917–1933); Princeton University (1933–1955); Leiden University; University of Bern (teacher, 1908–1909); Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (president, 1916–1918); Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (professor, 1914–1933); Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (1914–1933); Institute for Advanced Study; Leiden University (Faculty of Science, Professor by special appointment, 1920–1946); Bern; University of California, Berkeley;
Member of	Royal Society of London (Foreign Member of the Royal Society, 1921–); Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences; German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (1932–); American Philosophical Society (1930–); Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (corresponding member, 1927–1933); Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony (full member, 1923–1933); French Academy of Sciences (foreign member, 1933–); Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (foreign member, 1920–); American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1924–); Russian Academy of Sciences (corresponding member of RAS, 1922–); Indian National Science Academy; Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL (foreign member, 1925–); Brazilian Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Sciences (Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 1942–); Centre international de synthèse; Japan Academy (honorary member, 1950–); Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Q137396485, Q137386991, 1921–);
Member of political party	German Democratic Party (–1933);
Position held	professor (1911–);
Field of work	theoretical physics;
Native language	German;
Significant event	Nobel Prize winner;
Father	Hermann Einstein;
Mother	Pauline Koch;
Sibling	Maja Einstein;
Child	Hans Albert Einstein; Eduard Einstein; Lieserl (Einstein);
Spouse	Mileva Marić (1903–1919); Elsa Einstein (1919–1936);
Relative	Lina Einstein (female first cousin); Elsa Einstein (female first cousin);
Work location	Bern (1902–1909); Prague (1911–1912); Zurich (1909–1911); Berlin (1914–1933); Caputh; Princeton; Zurich (1912–1914);
Notable work	special relativity; general relativity; photoelectric effect; theory of relativity; theory of Brownian Motion; mass–energy equivalence; Planck constant; Einstein field equations; quantum mechanics; unified field theory; stimulated emission;
Present in work	Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge;
Award received	Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science (1920); Nobel Prize in Physics (1921); Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1926); Prix Jules Janssen (1931); Matteucci Medal (1921); Max Planck Medal (1929); Franklin Medal (1935); Copley Medal (1925); Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts order; Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship (1934); Honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva; honorary doctor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1949); honorary doctorate from Princeton University; honorary doctor of the University of Madrid Complutense (1923); Foreign Member of the Royal Society (1921); Great Immigrants Award (2009); Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi; doctor honoris causa from the University of Paris (1928); New Jersey Hall of Fame (2008); honorary member of the Physics Association (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) (1921);
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Authority file
	Q937; ISNI: 000000012281955X; VIAF cluster ID: 75121530; GND ID: 118529579; Library of Congress Authorities ID: n79022889; Bibliothèque nationale de France ID: 119016075; IdRef ID: 026849186; CALIS ID: n2004370668; NDL Authority ID: 00438728; Libraries Australia ID: 36582360; NL CR AUT ID: jn19990002019; HDS ID: 028814; SELIBR ID: 184709; RSL ID (person): 000021094; National Library of Israel ID (old): 000042773; National Library of Spain SpMaBN ID: XX834035; National Library of Romania ID: 000074139; Nationale Thesaurus voor Auteursnamen ID: 068350767; BIBSYS ID: 90053072; NCL ID: 000714101; NUKAT ID: n95300836; U.S. National Archives Identifier: 10582637; NLP ID: a0000001178767; CCAB ID: 000034649; BabelNet ID: 00002460n; National Library of Korea ID: KAC200103196; Libris-URI: fcrtts5z33mrjqc; National Library of Poland MMS ID: 9810646540205606; J9U entity ID: 987007260607605171; FranceArchives agent ID: 166026621; NACSIS-CAT author ID: DA00708434; SBN author ID: CFIV035853; Open Library ID: OL3175986A; DBNL author ID: eins001; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9183-9538; Mathematics Genealogy Project ID: 53269; Union List of Artist Names ID: 500240971; MusicBrainz artist ID: c98c325e-7277-46e8-8b44-e3517f3e041a; IMDb ID: nm0251868
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<nowiki>अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन; Альберт Эйнштейн; اَلبرٹ آنِسٹایِن; jan Ape Ansan; Альберт Эйнштейн; Alberto ainstain; آلبرټ آينشټاين; Алберт Айнщайн; Ալբերտ Այնշտայն; Alubbaati Ansitayini; آئن سٹائن; Άλμπερτ Αϊνστάιν; এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন; Альберт Айнштайн; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन; Альберт Айнштайн; ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಐನ್‍ಸ್ಟೀನ್; 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦; albert. ainctain; ແອລເບີຣີ ອີນສະໄຕນ໌; 알베르트 아인슈타인; Альберт Эйнштейн; अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन; Алберт Ајнштајн; Алберт Айнштайн; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन; আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন; ఆల్బర్ట్ ఐన్ స్టీన్; आइन्स्टाइन, आल्बर्ट; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन; Albert Eynşteyn; آلورت انیشتین; Albirt Ayncṭayn; אלבערט איינשטיין; Алберт Еинштеин; Albert Einstein; ଆଲବର୍ଟ ଆଇନଷ୍ଟାଇନ; Эйнштейн Альберт; ალბერტ აინშტაინი; Alberts Einšteins; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन; ألبارت إنشتاين; آلبرت اینشتین; ཨལ་བྷར་ཀྲི་ཨ་ཡན་སི་ཊཎ།; अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन; ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ; अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन; আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন; Albert Eynşteyn; ߊߟߑߓߍߙ ߍ߲ߛߑߕߍ߲߫; Einsteini Albert; ಅಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಐನ್ ಸ್ಟೈನ್; ئەلبەرت ئاینشتاین; Albert Einstein; အယ်ဘာတ် အာင်သတိုင်; Hastiin Albert Einstein; ਐਲਬਰਟ ਆਈਨਸਟਾਈਨ; အဲလ်ဘတ် အိုင်းစတိုင်း; 愛因斯坦; Эйнштейн, Алберт; આલ્બર્ટ આઈન્સ્ટાઈન; ایلبرٹ آئینسٹائن; Алберт Ајнштајн; အဲလ်ဘတ် အိုင်းစတိုင်း; Альберт Эйнштейн; آلبرت انیشتین; Альберт Эйнштейн; Alboert Ainstain; Эйнштейн, Альберт; Альберт Эйнштэйн; آلبرت اینشتین; 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 愛因斯坦; ალბერტ აინშტაინი; アルベルト・アインシュタイン; Альберт Эйнштейн; 愛因斯坦; البرت اينشتاين; Alberti Anistaayin; אלברט איינשטיין; Алберт Эйнштейн; अल्बर्ट ऐन्स्टायिन्; អាល់បឺត អែងស្តែង; 愛因斯坦; Albet Énstén; Albérit Éynishtéyn; ꯑꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯢꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯢꯟ; ألبيرط أينشطاين; ஆல்பர்ட் ஐன்ஸ்டைன்; البرٽ آئنسٽائن; ඇල්බට් අයින්ස්ටයින්; البرٹ آئنسٹائن; Albert Anjshtajn; Альбэрт Айнштайн; Алберт Ајнштајн; Алберт Эйнштейн; Ալպերթ Այնշթայն; ᱟᱞᱵᱚᱨᱴ ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ; Albertus Einstein; Einštein Al'bert; Alpute.ayinsedan; አልበርት አይንስታይን; Albert Eýnşteýn; Эйнштейн, Альберт; Albertas Einšteinas; Эйнштейн, Альберт; 艾拔·愛因斯坦; ئالبېرىت ئېينىشتېين; ألبرت أينشتاين; อัลเบิร์ต ไอน์สไตน์; Алберт Эйнштейн; ആൽബർട്ട് ഐൻസ്റ്റൈൻ; 亞伯特·愛因斯坦; ئالبېرىت ئېينىشتېين; Альберт Эйнштейн; Albert Ejnštejn; अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन; Alberts Einšteins; Альберт Эйнштейн; 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦; físico alemán; þýskur vísindamaður, eðlisfræðingur og nóbelsverðlaunahafi (1879-1955); jan li sona wawa li tan ma Tosi; fizikawan bidang fizik teori asal Jerman dan pembangun teori kenisbian; নোবেল পুরস্কার বিজয়ী পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী; Германски физик; fizician elvețiano-american de origine germană (1879–1955); جرمن نژاد ماہر طبیعیات اور نظریہ اضافیت کا بانی; عالم فيزياء ألماني; nemecko-švajčiarsko-americký teoretický fyzik; 犹太裔美国物理学家，相对论的创立者; фізик-теоретик, лауреат Нобелівської премії з фізики; nemes-amerikan fizigi; физикдони назарӣ, Подшоҳии Вюртемберг; 德裔美国物理学家，相对论创立者; Theoretische Physiker, Entwickler vo dr Relativitätstheorie (1879-1955); fizik, nisbiylik nazariyasining muallifi; týskføddur granskari; germana teoria fizikisto; ellaboranto de la teorio de relativeco. Nobel-premiito pri fiziko (1879–1955); německý fyzik; njemačko-švicarsko-američki teorijski fizičar; जर्मनी में जनमल भौतिकी बिद्वान, रिलेटिविटी सिद्धांत के संस्थापक; জার্মান পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী; physicien helvético-américain d'origine allemande, auteur des théories de la relativité restreinte et de la relativité générale; Γερμανός φυσικός; njemački teorijski fizičar; ލިޔުންތެރިއެއް; немістің, әлемнің ең ұлы ғалымы,физик және химик; ಗಣಿತಜ್ಞ; יידישער פיזיקער; भौतिकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिकविजेता शास्त्रज्ञ.; fyzikar a nošer Nobeloweho myta; nhà vật lý lý thuyết người Đức (1879–1955); জাৰ্মান মূলৰ তাত্ত্বিক পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞানী (১৮৭৯-১৯৫৫); Vācijā dzimis ebreju izcelsmes fiziķis, relativitātes teorijas attīstītājs; Aleman ken Amerikano a pisiko, nangbangon ti teoria ti relatibidad; теоријски физичар, проналазач теорије релативитета; tysk fysiker; प्रख्यात भौतिक बिज्ञ र थेओर्य ओफ रेल्याठिविटी; Duits-Zwitsers-Amerikaanse theoretisch natuurkundige en uitvinder (1879–1955); German-American pheesicist an foonder o the theory o relativity; däitsche Physiker; tyskfødd fysikar og grunnleggar av relativitetsteorien; tyskfødt fysiker og grunnlegger av relativitetsteorien; ആപേക്ഷികതാ സിദ്ധാന്തത്തിനു രൂപം നൽകിയ ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞന്‍; físiko teorétiko i inventor di origen aleman; fisikawan bidang fisika teori dan pengembang teori relativitas asal Jerman; 猶太裔，通理論物理學，獲諾貝爾物理學獎; Saksaast šoddâm teoreetlâš fysikkár (1879–1955); German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955); عالم فيزياء نظرية ألماني النشأة (1879–1955); 德國裔、美國籍嗰物理學家; фізік-тэарэтык, адзін з заснавальнікаў сучаснай тэарэтычнай фізікі, лаўрэат Нобелеўскай прэміі; ဂျာမန်နိုင်ငံဖွား ရူပဗေဒပညာရှင်နှင့် နှိုင်းရသီအိုရီကို တီထွင်ဖန်တီးသူ; 德國猶太裔物理學家，相對論嘅創立人; (1879–1955) német-amerikai elméleti fizikus; જર્મનીનાં મહાન જગવિખ્યાત વૈજ્ઞાનિક; գերմանացի-ամերիկացի տեսաբան-ֆիզիկոս; alemaniar-amerikar fisikaria, erlatibitatearen teoriaren sortzailea; fizikisto; físicu teóricu, Reinu de Wurtemberg; físic teòric nascut a Alemanya (1879–1955); физик-теоретик, заманса теоретик физикаға нигеҙ һалыусыларҙың береһе, Физика буйынса Нобель премияһы лауреаты; theoretischer Physiker (1879–1955); Entwickler der Relativitätstheorie, Nobelpreis für Physik 1922; physicus et philosophus germanicus; primero fisiko i matematiko ke propuzo la konosida teoriya dela relatividad; теоријски физичар немачког порекла; развијач теорије релативности (1879–1955); 猶太裔美國物理學家，相對論創立者; Fysiker; გერმანელი ფიზიკოს-თეორეტიკოსი; ドイツ出身の理論物理学者 (1879–1955); fisicher teoretic; masanin illimin kimiya physics; ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ; shkencëtar me origjinë gjermane (1879–1955); פיזיקאי יהודי-גרמני-אמריקאי, מגדולי המדענים בכל הזמנים; галим, заманча теоретик физикага нигез салучыларның берсе, Физика буенча Нобель премиясе лауреаты, җәмәгать эшлеклесе; Almanya doğumlu teorik fizikçi (1879-1955); जर्मन-अमेरिकी सैद्धांतिक भौतिक विज्ञानी (1879–1955); జర్మనీ మూలాలు కలిగిన సైద్ధాంతిక భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్త (1879–1955); ahli èlmu Amrik kelairan Dètslan; Germaniyada tuwılǵan fizik (1879–1955); கோட்பாட்டு இயற்பியல் அறிஞர்; ናሆም ፊዚስቱ; عالم فيزياء ألماني; fisico svizzero-tedesco e statunitense (1879–1955); fisiceoir a rugadh sa Ghearmáin; فیزیکدان نظری آلمانی‌تبار (۱۹۵۵–۱۸۷۹); Fizîknasê almanî 1879-1955; нямецка-амэрыканскі фізык, Нобэлеўскі ляўрэат; Dútsk-Amerikaanske teoretysk natuerkundige; ffisegydd damcaniaethol a anwyd yn yr Almaen; saksa füüsikateoreetik; ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߣߴߊߡߍߙߌߞߌ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߘߐ߬ߞߏ߬ߦߊ߬ߟߊ (߁߈߇߉–߁߉߅߅); Germany karimba ŋun nyɛ doo; Duits-gebore teoretiese fisikus; wie die relatiwiteitsteorie voorgestel het (1879–1955); físico teórico alemão (1879–1955); Duuts-Zwitsers natuurkundige en uutvinder; fishigagh va ruggit 'sy Ghermaan; saksalaissyntyinen fyysikko ja suhteellisuusteorian luoja; Vokiečių fizikas, reliatyvumo teorijos kūrėjas, Nobelio premijos laureatas (1921).; nemški teoretski fizik in matematik, utemeljitelj teorije relativnosti (1879–1955); tubong Alemang pisiko (1879–1955); fizicianu Ghîrmanu; физик-теоретик, один из основателей современной теоретической физики, лауреат Нобелевской премии, общественный деятель-гуманист; นักฟิสิกส์ทฤษฎีชาวเยอรมัน-อเมริกัน; fizyk teoretyk, noblista, główny twórca teorii względności i współtwórca fizyki kwantowej (1879–1955); fiosaigiche teòirigeach, Rìoghachd Württemberg; 德裔美國物理學家，相對論創立者; 德裔美國物理學家，相對論創立者; 독일과 미국의 물리학자 (1879–1955); جرمن ڄائو سائنسدان (1879-1955); теоретски физичар од Кралство Виртемберг; físico e matemático alemán recoñecido internacionalmente por propor a teoría da relatividade.; زانا و فیزیکزانی ئەڵمانی; fixego teorego, Regno del Württemberg; ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ-ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ-ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉ; Alberto Einstein; Einstein, Albert; આઇન્સ્ટાઇન; આઈન્સ્ટાઈન; jan Albert Einstein; jan Ansan; jan Antan; jan Einstein; jan Ape Antan; Эйнштейн, Алберт; Эйнштейн А.; Эйнштейн; Айнштайн; Альберт Энштейн; Эйнштейн, Альберт; А. Эйнштейн; Эйнштейн Альберт; Эйнштейн, Альберт; Ալբերտ Էյնշտեյն; 爱恩斯坦; 艾因斯坦; 阿爾貝特·愛因斯坦; 爱恩思坦; 愛恩思坦; 爱因思坦; 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 爱因斯坦; 艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 亞伯特·愛因斯坦; 艾爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦; 愛恩斯坦; 爱尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 艾伯特·愛因斯坦; 爱因斯坦，A.; 愛因斯坦; 愛因思坦; 愛爾伯特·愛因斯坦; アインシュタイン; A.Einstein; Альберт Ейнштейн; Альберт Эйнштейн; 愛恩斯坦; 艾因斯坦; 愛因斯坦; 亞伯特·愛因斯坦; 艾爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 阿爾貝特·愛因斯坦; 愛因思坦; 愛恩思坦; 愛爾伯特·愛因斯坦; आइंस्टीन; आइंस्टीन,अल्बर्ट; ఐన్స్టీన్; 알버트 아인슈타인; 아인슈타인; Albert Eynshteyn; Ejnŝtejno; Alberto Ejnŝtejno; Al'bert Ejnštejn; إينشطاين; अलबर्ट आइन्स्टीन; अल्बर्ट आइंस्टाइन; आइंस्टीन; अलबर्ट आइन्स्टाइन; आइन्स्टीन; আইনস্টাইন; Альбэрт Эйнштэйн; Альберт Эйнштейн; Æðelbeorht Ānstān; Einšteins; ߍ߲ߛߑߕߍ߲߫; Ајнштајн; Einstein, Albert; 爱恩斯坦; 艾因斯坦; 爱因思坦; 爱尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 爱因斯坦; 艾尔伯特·爱因斯坦; 爱恩思坦; 阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦; A. Énstén; Énstén; Ајнштајн; ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ; ⴰⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ; ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ; Einstein Albert; အိုင်းစတိုင်း; 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦; 艾伯特·愛因斯坦; ཨེན་སི་ཐན།; Eýnşteýn; A. Einstein; Einstein; ئەلبێرت ئەنشتاین; ئەلبێرت ئاینیشتاین; ئاینیشتاین; ئەینیشتاین; ئەنیشتاین; ئالبێرت ئاینیشتاین; ئەنشتاین; ئانیشتاین; إنشتاين; أينشتاين; أينشتاين; Αϊνστάιν; Αλβέρτος Αϊνστάιν; 爱因斯坦</nowiki>

Portraits

The oldest picture of Einstein
Albert Einstein with friends Habicht and Solovine, ca. 1903
Crop of Albert Einstein at the first Solvay Conference, 1911.
Second Solvay Conference on Physics, Brussels, 1913.
Albert Einstein, painted by Erich Büttner, 1917
Einstein, photo from 1920
Etching by Hermann Struck, 1920.
with Paul Ehrenfest, 1920
Einstein, photo from 1921
Einstein portrait
Einstein in 1921 (cropped)
Nobel Prize photo, 1921
Einstein and "leaders of the World Zionist Organization" from 1921
Albert Einstein with his wife Elsa Einstein and other Zionist leaders, Menachem Ussishkin, Chaim Weizmann, Mrs. Weizmann, and Ben-Zion Mossinson on arrival in New York, 1921.
Etching by Hermann Struck, 1923.

In 1947 (full original pic)
In 1947 (full)
In 1947 (cropped, facing left)
1947 (cropped, facing right)
1947 (cropped, rework)
Einstein with Robert Oppenheimer
Solvay Conference 1927
Sixth Solvay Conference on Physics, Brussels, 1930.
Tour of the New Brunswick, N.J. Marconi Wireless Station with other scientists, 1921
Einstein, by Doris Ulmann (1931)
U.S. citizenship, 1940
Einstein in his later years
Einstein with his wife Elsa

With Paul Ehrenfest

Einstein and Ehrenfest visiting Pieter Zeeman in Amsterdam (around 1920)
Einstein at the home of Leiden physics professor Paul Ehrenfest, 1920. On his lap is Paul Ehrenfest, Jr.
Albert Einstein and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, photographed by Ehrenfest in front of his home in Leiden in 1921.