General phonetics
This is an article on general phonetics intended as an easy way of finding samples of specific sounds.
See also: International Phonetic Alphabet
Consonants (pulmonic)
[edit]| Blab. | Ldent. | Dent. | Alv. | Palv. | Ret. | Pal. | Velar | Uvular | Phar. | Glot. | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | |||||||||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | g | q | ɢ | ʔ | |||||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ | ||
| Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Tap or Flap | ɾ | ɽ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Fricative | ɬ | ɮ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral flap | ɺ | ɺ̢ | ʎ̯ | |||||||||||||||||||||
- Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
- Shaded areas indicate articulations judged impossible.
Consonants (non-pulmonic)
[edit]| Blab. | Ldent. | Dent. | Alv. | Palv. | Ret. | Pal. | Velar | Uvular | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implosives | ƥ | ɓ | ƭ | ɗ | ƈ | ʄ | ƙ | ɠ | ʠ | ʛ | ||||||||
| Ejective plosives | pʼ | tʼ | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||||||||||||
| Ejective fricatives | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | çʼ | xʼ | χʼ | |||||||||
| Central clicks | ʘ | ǀ | ǃ | ǂ | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral clicks | ǁ | |||||||||||||||||
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | |
| Close | |||||
| Near-close | |||||
| Close-mid | |||||
| Mid | |||||
| Open-mid | |||||
| Near-open | |||||
| Open | |||||
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Other symbols
[edit]| ʍ | Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
| w | Voiced labial-velar approximant |
| ɥ | Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
| ɫ | Velarized alveolar lateral approximant |
| ʜ | Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
| ʢ | Voiced epiglottal fricative |
| ʡ | Epiglottal plosive |
| ɕ ʑ | Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
| ɧ | Simultaneous ʃ and x |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary, or represented by a ligature in the case of the eight most common affricates:
| Ligature | Tie bar | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ʦ | t͡s | voiceless alveolar affricate |
| ʧ | t͡ʃ | voiceless palato-alveolar affricate |
| ʨ | t͡ɕ | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
| tʂ | ʈ͡ʂ | voiceless retroflex affricate |
| ʣ | d͡z | voiced alveolar affricate |
| ʤ | d͡ʒ | voiced post-alveolar affricate |
| ʥ | d͡ʑ | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
| ɖʐ | ɖ͡ʐ | voiced retroflex affricate |
Due to a bug in the font Arial Unicode MS, these incorrectly formed character combinations may look better in your browser: ts͡ tʃ͡ tɕ͡ dz͡ dʒ͡ dʑ͡ kp͡ .