File:Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine.jpg

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English: Demethylation of 5-Methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA. As reviewed in 2018,[1] 5mC is oxidized by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases (TET1, TET2, TET3) to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). In successive steps TET enzymes further hydroxylate 5hmC to generate 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) recognizes the intermediate bases 5fC and 5caC and excises the glycosidic bond resulting in an apyrimidinic site (AP site). In an alternative oxidative deamination pathway, 5hmC can be oxidatively deaminated by activity-induced cytidine deaminase/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex (AID/APOBEC) deaminases to form 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5hmU) or 5mC can be converted to thymine (Thy). 5hmU can be cleaved by TDG, single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1 (SMUG1), Nei-Like DNA Glycosylase 1 (NEIL1), or methyl-CpG binding protein 4 (MBD4). AP sites and T:G mismatches are then repaired by base excision repair (BER) enzymes to yield cytosine (Cyt).
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Author Bernstein0275

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  1. ↑ (2018). "The Role of Activity-Dependent DNA Demethylation in the Adult Brain and in Neurological Disorders". Front Mol Neurosci 11: 169. DOI:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00169. PMID 29875631. PMC: 5975432.

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current17:13, 31 August 2018Thumbnail for version as of 17:13, 31 August 20182,550 × 3,300 (1.36 MB)Bernstein0275 (talk | contribs)User created page with UploadWizard

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