File:Non-invasive electrodes with resilient and conductive membrane for cyborg insects.webp

English: "a The conventional way to implant an electrode on the antenna. The antenna should be cut before the conductor wire implantation as cutting and insertion lead to irreversible damage to the insect. The conductor silver wire was inserted on the antenna wound. b An intact insect (Madagascar Hissing Cockroach) was used to build up the cyborg insect. c Non-invasive electrode for the antenna. A 3D-printed fastener was used to tighten the contact between the antenna surface and the conductor (gold nanofilm and PIL gel) so that the conduct of electrical stimulation was stable and secured. Then, PIL gel was applied between the antennae and the gold nanofilm. d The insect’s antenna surface was rough and uneven, while the proposed non-invasive electrode was conformable and flexible, which could come into contact firmly with the target surface of the antenna. e The front and back view cyborg insect with non-invasive electrodes attached to the antennae and abdomen. f Antenna status before/after attaching and after removing the non-invasive electrodes. The antenna’s intactness was preserved, indicating no damage to the antenna. g A non-invasive electrode is located on the insect’s abdomen. For the non-invasive electrode on the insect’s abdomen, PIL glue was firstly filled in the inter-space between two abdominal segments of the insect, and after a silver wire with a circular tip was inserted into the PIL gel, UV light was used for about 100 s for in-situ polymerisation. The silver wire’s circular tip was to avoid injuries to insect skin. To secure the silver wire inside the PIL gel and to avoid the relative displacement of the silver wire from the insect’s body, tape was used to fix the silver wire on the abdominal segment of the insect."