File:Pbio.1001642.g002 (14134468931).png
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| Description | Genomic and paleovirological characteristics of REV-related retroviruses.The schematic in panel (a) shows the genome structure of REV and SNV, a near full-length REV insertion in the FWPV genome, and the mammalian ERVs Echidna-ERV and Galidia-ERV. Percentage sequence identity to SNV, at the amino acid level, is shown for the putative Gag, Pol, and Env polyproteins of Echidna-ERV and Galidia-ERV. Proviral coding regions that disclose homology to Gammaretroviruses are shown in green, whereas those that disclose homology to Betaretroviruses are shown in blue. ORFs flanking the REV insertion in FWPV are in yellow. Panel (b) summarizes the genomic data used to estimate the minimum age of REV-related ERV insertions in Malagasy carnivore genomes. A time-scaled Carnivora phylogeny (based on Nyakatura et al. [27]) is shown on the left, with Malagasy carnivores shaded. A corresponding schematic on the right shows the genomic locus at which an orthologous ERV insertion was identified in a subset of Malagasy carnivores. Boxes represent the env gene (blue) and 3′ LTR sequences (green = U3; dark grey = R; light grey = U5). The adjacent black line represents flanking genomic DNA, spanning 238 nucleotides, obtained from the striped mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata) and ring-tailed mongoose (Galidia elegans) genomes in our study, and aligned to a homologous genomic region (lacking a proviral insertion) in the cat (Felis catus), dog (Canis familiaris), and ferret (Mustela furo) genomes. An orthologous ERV insertion was detected in M. decemlineata and G. elegans genomes, but not in the more distantly related Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), indicating that germline invasion occurred between 18 and 8 Ma. Genetic data indicate that all Malagasy carnivores are derived from a single founder population that colonized Madagascar ∼19 Ma [26]; thus, invasion of the Malagasy carnivore germline occurred in Madagascar. The nucleotide sequence alignment on which the schematic in panel (b) is based on is shown in Figure S1. Abbreviations: RV, retrovirus; Kb, Kilobases; ORF, open reading frame; PBS, primer binding site; Pro, proline; Thr, threonine; LTR, long terminal repeat; U3, unique three prime region; R, repeat region; U5, Unique five prime region; RT, reverse transcriptase; SU, surface protein; TM, transmembrane protein; M.dec, Mungotictis decemlineata; G.ele, Galidia elegans. |
| Date | |
| Source | pbio.1001642.g002 |
| Author | Phylogeny Figures |
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This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by phylofigures at https://flickr.com/photos/123636286@N02/14134468931. It was reviewed on 19 December 2020 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
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