File:Vertical shaft (Bottomless Pit, Black Snake Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 3 (32454817667).jpg
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DescriptionVertical shaft (Bottomless Pit, Black Snake Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 3 (32454817667).jpg |
Western Kentucky's Mammoth Cave is the longest cave system on Earth, with 412 miles known and mapped as of March 2019. The name does not refer to the early discovery of fossil mastodon or mammoth bones here. Rather, the name refers to the immense size of many rooms and passages. The system has a variety of cave passages: tubular passages, canyon passages, vertical shafts (domepits), keyhole passages, and giant canyon passages. Vertical shafts, also called domepits, are large, silo-shaped, dissolutional features in caves. They form in the vadose zone (above the water table) as downward-moving groundwater dissolves limestone by enlarging joints or joint intersections. Seen here is Bottomless Pit, a deep vertical shaft that bottoms out well into the Middle Mississippian St. Louis Limestone (the lowest encountered stratigraphic unit in Mammoth Cave). The vertical grooves along the limestone walls are flutes. The rocks are Fredonia Member limestones (Ste. Genevieve Limestone, upper Middle Mississippian). Bottomless Pit used to be a turn-around point for early tours. Later tours crawled along a narrow edge. In modern times, it is readily traversed via a metal trail bridge. This vertical shaft does have a bottom, despite the name. Its rubble-covered floor closely coincides with the level of the River Styx and the Echo River (= modern water table; = local base level). Click on the photo to zoom in - notice the many water drops. This picture was taken one day after a rain event, so this vertical shaft had a relatively high flow of falling water. Locality: Bottomless Pit, Black Snake Avenue, Mammoth Cave, west-central Kentucky, USA |
Date | |
Source | Vertical shaft (Bottomless Pit, Black Snake Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 3 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/32454817667 (archive). It was reviewed on 13 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
13 October 2019
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current | 17:33, 13 October 2019 | 3,000 × 4,000 (9.26 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Date and time of data generation | 11:11, 10 March 2019 |
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File change date and time | 14:56, 16 March 2019 |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 11:11, 10 March 2019 |
Meaning of each component |
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File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
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White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 10:56, 16 March 2019 |
Unique ID of original document | DA03255BB2BA2C26B5E35E17A90580AA |
IIM version | 2 |