File:Climate Change Attribution.png
Climate_Change_Attribution.png (500 × 573像素,文件大小:28 KB,MIME类型:image/png)
说明
摘要
[编辑]描述Climate Change Attribution.png |
English: See extending Description below |
来源 | This figure was created by Robert A. Rohde from published data |
作者 | Robert A. Rohde |
其他版本 | other language versions mostly beginng with "File:Climate Change... " |
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摘要
[编辑]This figure, based on Meehl et al. (2004), shows how a global climate model (the DOE PCM [1]) is tuned to reconstruct the historical temperature record and the corresponding assumptions in the model to which the associated temperature changes can be decomposed into various forcing factors. The top part of the figure compares a five year average of global temperature measurements (Jones and Moberg 2001) to the Meehl et al. results incorporating the effects of five predetermined forcing factors: greenhouse gases, man-made sulfate emissions, solar variability, ozone changes (both stratospheric and tropospheric), and volcanic emissions (including natural sulfates). The time history and radiative forcing qualities for each of these factors was specified in advance and was not adjusted indvidually to specifically match the temperature record. The exception being the aerosol forcing which is based on expert´s judgement balancing the GHG forcing due to the inherent large uncertainty of the historical aerosol forcings.
Also shown are grey bands indicating the 68% and 95% range for natural variability in temperature relative to the climatic expectation as determined from multiple simulations with different initial conditions. In other words, they indicate the estimated size of variations that are expected to occur due to fluctuation in weather rather than changes in climate. Ideally the model should be able to reconstruct temperature variations to within about the tolerance specified by these bands. Some of the remaining misfit may be accounted for by the ~0.05 °C uncertainty in the temperature reconstruction. However, though the model captures the gross features of twentieth century climate change, it remains likely that some of the differences between model and observation still reflect the limitations of the model and/or our understanding of the histories of the observed forcing factors.
In the lower portion of the figure are the results of additional simulations in which the model was operated with only one forcing factor used at a time. A key conclusion of the Meehl et al. (2004) work is that the model response to all factors combined is to a good approximation equal to the sum of the responses to each factor taken individually. This means it is reasonable to talk about the temperature change due to individual aspects of the evolving man-made and natural influences on climate. The zeros on both plots are set equal to 1900 temperatures, and it is apparent that most of the 0.52 °C global warming between 1900 and 1994 should be attributed to a 0.69 °C temperature forcing from greenhouse gases partially offset by a 0.27 °C cooling due to man-made sulfate emissions and with other factors contributing the balance. This contrasts with the warming from 1900 to 1940 for which the model only attributes a net increases of 0.06 °C to the combined effects of greenhouse gases and sulfate emissions.
Temperature change relative to 1900 | |||
---|---|---|---|
1940 | 1970 | 1994 | |
Greenhouse gases | 0.10 | 0.38 | 0.69 |
Sulfate emissions | -0.04 | -0.19 | -0.27 |
Solar forcing | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.21 |
Volcanic forcing | 0.11 | -0.04 | -0.14 |
Ozone | -0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
Net | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.53 |
Observed | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.52 |
Note that "Net" reflects the model runs with all factors included and is not identical to simply summing the individual factors.
References
[编辑]- Meehl, Gerald A.; Washington, Warren M.; Ammann, Caspar M.; Arblaster, Julie M.; Wigley, T. M. L.; Tebaldi, Claudia (2004). "Combinations of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings in Twentieth-Century Climate". Journal of Climate 17: 3721–7. DOI:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017%3C3721:CONAAF%3E2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0442.
- Jones, P. D.; Moberg, A. (2003). "Hemispheric and Large-Scale Surface Air Temperature Variations: an Extensive Revision and an Update to 2001". Journal of Climate 16: 206–23. DOI:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3C0206:HALSSA%3E2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0442.
许可协议
[编辑]This figure was created by Robert A. Rohde from published data and is incorporated into the Global Warming Art project.
已授权您依据自由软件基金会发行的无固定段落及封面封底文字(Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts, and Back-Cover Texts)的GNU自由文件许可协议1.2版或任意后续版本的条款,复制、传播和/或修改本文件。该协议的副本请见“GNU Free Documentation License”。http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue |
本文件采用知识共享署名-相同方式共享 3.0 未本地化版本许可协议授权。 | ||
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本许可协议标签作为GFDL许可协议更新的组成部分被添加至本文件。http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC BY-SA 3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue |
此graph图片可使用矢量图形重新创建为SVG文件。这具有很多好处;更多信息请参见共享资源:待清理媒体。如果存在此图片的SVG格式,请将其上传,然后将此模板替换为
{{vector version available|新图片名称}} 。
建议您将SVG命名为“Climate Change Attribution.svg”,这样在使用Vector version available(或Vva)模板时就不需要填写新图片名称参数。 |
文件历史
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日期/时间 | 缩略图 | 大小 | 用户 | 备注 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
当前 | 2014年7月16日 (三) 17:08 | 500 × 573(28 KB) | JeffyP(留言 | 贡献) | Shrinkin' the image. | |
2006年4月10日 (一) 06:45 | 500 × 573(37 KB) | Pflatau(留言 | 贡献) | == Description == thumb|right|250px|Instrumental temperature record of the last 150 years. This data is the same as the black curve in the figure. This figure, based on Meehl et al. (2004), shows the ability |
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