File:Double fertilization in arabidopsis 2.jpg
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描述Double fertilization in arabidopsis 2.jpg |
English: Female gametophytic and early zygotic mutant phenotypes highlight the essential role of corresponding genes for reproductive development. (a) A cartoon showing the ontogeny of the wild-type female gametophyte in Arabidopsis and the early transition to seed development. A haploid functional megaspore (FM) develops from a diploid megaspore mother cell (MMC) upon two meiotic divisions (1). Three syncitial mitotic divisions (2) convert the FM into an eight-nuclear cell. Upon nuclear migration, cellularization, nuclear fusion and differentiation (3), a cellularized seven-celled embryo sac forms. It contains an egg cell (EC) and two synergid cells (SC) at the micropylar pole, three antipodals (AP) at the chalazal pole, and one vacuolated homo-diploid central cell (CC) in the middle. Subsequently, the AP cells degenerate. Degeneration of one SC precedes the entry of one pollen tube (PT), and two sperm cells (SP) independently fertilize the egg and central cell, leading to the development of a diploid embryo (EM) and triploid endosperm (EN) respectively. SUS, suspensor, VN, vegetative nucleus. (b-f) Morphology of wild-type ovules corresponding to representative events described above is depicted (ii indicates inner integuments, and oi indicates outer integuments). Both synchronous and asynchronous free nuclear mitotic divisions (as shown in panel e; arrows) lead to development of the free nuclear endosperm (FNE) as shown in panel f. The insert in panel e depicts a developing zygote (ZY). (g) In kerridwin (ken-1), two polar nuclei in the central cell fail to fuse. (h) Female gametophyte development did not initiate beyond the one-nucleate embryo sac stage (arrows) in frigg (fig-1). (i-l) Anomalies in early endosperm and zygotic development in hog1 (homology dependent gene silencing 1) mutants. The zygote did not develop beyond single cell stage, and subsequent divisions and cytokinesis did not occur (panel i, j, and k). The arrows in panels i and j identify the irregular nature of free nuclear mitotic divisions in hog-1 endosperm. The endosperm nuclei were irregular in size and they were often clustered. Compare the large and small irregular endosperm nuclei in hog1-6 (panel l) with the regular free nuclear endosperm nuclei in (m) the wild type. Scale bars: 20 μm for panels d to k, and the insert of panel e; and 50 μm in panels b, c, l, and m.Johnston et al. Genome Biology 2007 8:R204 doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r204
Español: Desarrollo del gametofito femenino y del embrión en Arabidopsis. (a) Esquema que muestra la ontogenia del gametofito femenino y el desarrollo temprano del embrión y del endosperma. Una megaspora haploide funcional (FM) se desarrolla a partir de una célula madre de la megaspora (MMC) diploide a través de meiosis (1). Luego de tres mitosis no seguidas de citocinesis, la FM se convierte en un sincitio con 8 núcleos (2). Luego de la migración de los núcleos dentro del sincitio, la formación de paredes celulares y la diferenciación (3), se forma un saco embrionario que contiene 7 células y 8 núcleos. Este saco contiene una oósfera (EC) y dos sinérgidas (SC) en el polo micropilar, tres antípodas (AP) en el polo chalazal y una célula central vacuolizada que lleva dos núcleos (CC). Las tres antípodas degeneran más tarde, y la disoución de un asinérgida precede a la entraba del tubo polínico (TP). Dos núcleos generativos (SP) se unen, independientemente, a la óosfera y a los núcleos polares, originando el embrión (EM) y el endosperma (EN), respectivamente, a través del proceso de doble fecundación. SUS, suspensor, VN, núcleo vegetativo del tubo polínico. (b-f) Micrografías de secciones transversales de óvulos correspondientes a los sucesos representativos descritos previamente. ii; indica el tegumento interno y oi indica el tegumento externo del óvulo. Las divisiones mitóticas (mostradas en con las flechas en "e") del núcleo triploide formado luego de la fusión de un núcleo generativo con los dos núcleos polares lleva al desarrollo de un endosperma sincitial (FNE) como se muestra en "f". |
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这是一张修改过的图片,这意味着它已在原版本的基础上通过软件进行了编辑,改动内容:just 1 raw。其原始版本为:Double fertilization in arabidopsis.jpg。修改者:David Perez。
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我,本作品著作权人,特此采用以下许可协议发表本作品:
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[编辑]This image is a derivative work of the following images:
- File:Double_fertilization_in_arabidopsis.jpg licensed with Cc-by-2.0
- 2010-01-08T07:30:55Z CopperKettle 1200x977 (385377 Bytes) forgot to crop our irrelevant stuff
- 2010-01-08T07:20:49Z CopperKettle 1200x977 (292217 Bytes) {{Information |Description={{en|1=Female gametophytic and early zygotic mutant phenotypes highlight the essential role of corresponding genes for reproductive development. (a) A cartoon showing the ontogeny of the wild-type f
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水平分辨率 | 139 dpi |
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使用软件 | Adobe Photoshop CS4 Windows |
文件修改日期时间 | 2011年7月13日 (三) 08:25 |
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