Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/China

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Urheberrechtsregeln: Volksrepublik China
Kürzel: COM:China
Flagge von Volksrepublik China
Karte von Volksrepublik China
Schutzfrist
Standard 50 Jahre p. m. a.
Fotografie Veröffentlichung + 50 Jahre (vor dem 1. Juni 2021)
50 Jahre p. m. a. (nach dem 1. Juni 2021)
Anonym Veröffentlichung + 50 Jahre
Audiovisuell Veröffentlichung + 50 Jahre
Regierung Gemeinfrei (nicht immer)
Andere
Panoramafreiheit Für 3D-Werke
Frist geht bis zum Jahresende Ja
Gemeinsame Lizenzvorlagen {{PD-China}}
{{PD-PRC-exempt}}
Abkommen
Berner Übereinkunft 15. Oktober 1992
Welturheberrechtsabkommen 30. Oktober 1992
Welthandelsorganisation-Mitglied 11. Dezember 2001
URAA-Wiederherstellungsdatum‌* 1. Januar 1996
WIPO-Urheberrechtsvertrag 9. Juni 2007
*‌Ein Werk ist in der Regel in den USA geschützt, wenn es sich um eine Art von Werk handelt, das in den USA urheberrechtsfähig ist, nach 31 December 1928 veröffentlicht wurde und im Ursprungsland am URAA-Datum geschützt ist.

Diese Seite bietet einen Überblick über die Urheberrechtsbestimmungen der Volksrepublik China, die für das Hochladen von Werken in Wikimedia Commons relevant sind. Beachte, dass jedes Werk, das aus China stammt, sowohl in China als auch in den Vereinigten Staaten gemeinfrei oder unter einer freien Lizenz verfügbar sein muss, bevor es auf Wikimedia Commons hochgeladen werden kann. Bei Zweifeln über den urheberrechtlichen Status eines Werkes aus China solltest du die entsprechenden Gesetze zur Klärung heranziehen.

In den Sonderverwaltungsregionen Hong Kong und Macau sowie in Taiwan gelten unterschiedliche Rechtssysteme und Urheberrechtsbestimmungen.

Hintergrund

China ist seit Jahrhunderten unabhängig, zunächst als Kaiserreich und dann seit 1912 als Republik. Hongkong wurde 1842 an Großbritannien abgetreten und am 1. Juli 1997 als Sonderverwaltungszone an China zurückgegeben. Im Jahr 1887 erhielt Portugal die Rechte an Macao, das 1999 als Sonderverwaltungszone an China zurückgegeben wurde. 1931 besetzten die Japaner die Mandschurei und gründeten den Vasallenstaat Manchukuo. Dieser wurde 1946 an China zurückgegeben.

Nach dem chinesischen Bürgerkrieg floh die Regierung der Republik China 1949 nach Taiwan, behauptete aber weiterhin, die rechtmäßige Regierung des chinesischen Festlandes zu sein. Die Volksrepublik China auf dem Festland erkennt die Legitimität der Republik China nicht an und beansprucht die Souveränität über Taiwan. Bis 1949 gelten für Festlandchina und Taiwan dieselben Urheberrechtsregeln.

China ist seit dem 15. Oktober 1992 Mitglied des Berner Konvention, am 30. Oktober 1992 dem Welturheberrechtsabkommen beigetreten, am 11. Dezember 2001 der World Trade Organization beigetreten und seit dem 9. Juni 2007 Mitglied der Welthandelsorganisation.[1] Ab 2021 führt die Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum (WIPO), eine Agentur der Vereinten Nationen, das Urheberrechtsgesetz der Volksrepublik China (in der Fassung des Beschlusses des Ständigen Ausschusses des Nationalen Volkskongresses zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes der Volksrepublik China vom 11. November 2020) als das wichtigste vom chinesischen Gesetzgeber erlassene Urheberrechtsgesetz auf. Die Datenbank WIPO Lex enthält derzeit nur die chinesische Ausgabe.[1] Wikisource hat eine chinesische Version und eine englische Übersetzung.[2][3][4] Das Urheberrechtsgesetz der Volksrepublik China gilt rückwirkend.

Die Rechte von Urheberrechtsinhabern, Verlegern, ausübenden Künstlern, Produzenten von Ton- und Videoaufzeichnungen, Rundfunk- und Fernsehsendern, deren in diesem Gesetz festgelegte Schutzdauer zum Zeitpunkt des Inkrafttretens dieses Gesetzes noch nicht abgelaufen ist, werden gemäß diesem Gesetz geschützt.[1990 Artikel 55][5]

Allgemeines

Gemäß dem Urheberrechtsgesetz 2020 der Volksrepublik China,

  • Ein Werk, das von einer natürlichen Person in Erfüllung der ihr von einer juristischen Person oder einer anderen nicht rechtsfähigen Organisation übertragenen Aufgaben geschaffen wird, gilt als Dienstleistungswerk. Sofern in Absatz 2 dieses Artikels nichts anderes bestimmt ist, steht das Urheberrecht an einem solchen Werk dem Urheber zu, aber die juristische Person oder die Organisation ohne Rechtspersönlichkeit hat ein vorrangiges Recht, das Werk im Rahmen ihrer beruflichen Tätigkeit zu verwerten … [2020 Artikel 18]
  • Die Rechte der Urheberschaft, der Veränderung und der Unversehrtheit eines Urhebers sind zeitlich unbegrenzt.
  • Die Schutzdauer des Veröffentlichungsrechts … für ein Werk eines Bürgers beträgt die Lebenszeit des Urhebers und fünfzig Jahre nach seinem Tod; sie endet am 31. Dezember des fünfzigsten Jahres nach dem Tod des Urhebers.[2020 Artikel 23]
  • Bei einem Werk mit gemeinsamer Urheberschaft endet diese Frist am 31. Dezember des fünfzigsten Jahres nach dem Tod des letzten überlebenden Urhebers.[2020 Artikel 23]
  • For a work of a legal person or an unincorporated organization, and a work for hire whose copyright (excluding right of signature) is owned by a legal person or an unincorporated organization, the protection period for its right of publication shall be 50 years, ending on December 31 of the 50th year after the creation of the work; and the protection period for its rights shall be 50 years, ending on December 31 of the 50th year after the first publication of the work, but if a work has not been published within 50 years after the completion of the creation, it shall no longer be protected by this Law.[2020 Art.23]
  • For an audiovisual work, the protection period for its right of publication shall be 50 years, ending on December 31 of the 50th year after the creation of the work; and the protection period for its rights shall be 50 years, ending on December 31 of the 50th year after the first publication of the work, but if a work has not been published within 50 years after the completion of the creation, it shall no longer be protected by this Law.[2020 Art.23]

According to the Implementing Regulations of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China:[6]

  • Article 13: In the case of a work of an unknown author, the copyright, except the right of authorship, shall be exercised by the lawful holder of the original copy of the work. Where the author has been identified, the copyright shall be exercised by the author or his heir in title.
  • Article 16: The using of copyright enjoyed by the State shall be managed by the State Council copyright administration departments.
  • Article 17: In the case of posthumous works, the right of publication may be exercised by the author's heir in title or other behested beneficiary within a period of 50 years, unless the author expressly had stated otherwise. In the absence of an heir in title or other behested beneficiary, the said right shall be exercised by the lawful holder of the original copy of the work.
  • Article 18: In the case of a work of an unknown author, the protection term in relation to the rights as mentioned by item 5 to item 17 of first paragraph of Article 10 of the Law shall be 50 years ending on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of the work. Article 21 of the Law shall be applicable after the author of the work has been identified.

According to the Part IV Personality Rights, Chapter IV Portraiture Right, Article 1019 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, any organizations or peoples are not permitted to violate portraiture rights of other peoples by smear, stain, counterfeit by using information technology or else ways. No making, using and publishing of portrait owners' images are allowed without their consent, unless permitted by other laws. The copyright owners of portraint works are also not allowed to use or disclosure by releasing, copying, distributing, hiring, exhibiting or other ways without their consent. Portraiture rights provisions mentioned above are non-copyright restrictions.

[7]

There were some discussions about the copyright situations of the works of Communist Party of China, a de facto consensus on Chinese Wikisource (see s:zh:Template:PD-PRC-CPC) considered that, based on the Criminal Justice Reference guiding cases №. 680, CPC works may considered as in Public Domain per Article 5 if they are published by central organizations of CPC, such as National Congress, Central Committee and their subordinate bodies. If not published by central organizations, then CPC works may considered as copyrighted.

Nicht geschützt

Abkürzung

Siehe auch: Commons:Ungeschützte Werke

According to the 2020 Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, this Law shall not be applicable to: (1) laws, regulations, resolutions, decisions and orders of state organs; other documents of legislative, administrative or judicial nature; and their official translations; (2) simple factual information; and (3) calendars, numerical tables, forms of general use and formulas.[2020 Art.5]

Begriffe

Einzelarbeiten

Todesdatum des Urhebers Datum der Veröffentlichung Lizenzvorlagen
– 31. Dezember 1973 – 31. Dezember 1928 {{PD-China-expired}} + {{PD-old-auto-expired}}
{{PD-China-expired}}{{PD-old-auto-expired|deathyear=death year}}
– 31. Dezember 1945 1. Januar 1929 – {{PD-China-1996}} + {{PD-old-auto-1996}}
{{PD-China-1996}}{{PD-old-auto-1996|country=China|deathyear=death year}}
Sonstiges The work is still protected under China law and/or URAA.

Anonyme, pseudonyme oder gemeinschaftliche Werke

If the author of the work is unveiled during its copyright term, it is protected as an individual work.

Datum der Veröffentlichung Lizenzvorlagen
– 31. Dezember, 1928 {{PD-China-expired}} + {{PD-anon-expired}}
{{PD-China-expired}}{{PD-anon-expired}}
1. Januar 1929 – 31. Dezember 1945 {{PD-China-1996}} + {{PD-anon-auto-1996}}
{{PD-China-1996}}{{PD-anon-auto-1996|country=China|publication=year}}
Sonstiges Das Werk ist nach wie vor nach chinesischem Recht und/oder URAA geschützt.

Photographs

Date of creation Date of publication Lizenzvorlagen
– December 31, 1928 – December 31, 1928 {{PD-China-expired}} + {{PD-old-auto-expired}}
{{PD-China-expired}}{{PD-old-auto-expired|deathyear=death year}}
– December 31, 1945 Unpublished {{PD-China-1996}} + {{PD-old-auto-1996}}
{{PD-China-1996}}{{PD-old-auto-1996|country=China|deathyear=death year}}
January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1945
January 1, 1996 –
Others The work is still protected under China law and/or URAA.

Ausnahmen


Lizenzvorlagen

Abkürzung

Siehe auch: Commons:Lizenzvorlagen

  • {{PD-China}} – for images in the public domain according to the People's Republic of China (mainland) and the Republic of China (Taiwan).
  • {{PD-China-film}} – for movies or images from movies published in the China more than 50 years ago according to Mainland China and Taiwan.
  • {{PD-Empire of China Government Gazette}} – for the Government Gazette from January to March 1916 (Hongxian Year 1) by the Empire of China.
  • {{PD-Manchukuo-stamps}} – for images of Manchukuo stamps that are now in the public domain in China.
People's Republic of China
Republic of China

Works with these tags may be published before or after 1949 within the jurisdiction of the Republic of China:

Older (1912–1949) works published within the jurisdiction of the Republic of China

Scheck

Abkürzung

Siehe auch: Commons:Schecks

OK {{PD-shape}} for cheques with simple designs. However, many Chinese cheques have security features that exceed threshold of originality and therefore  Nicht OK.

Währung

Abkürzung

Siehe auch: Commons:Währung

The factual accuracy of this file is disputed.
See details at Village Pump archive.

 Nicht OK. The design of renminbi is exceeding the threshold of originality of China and there is no apparent evidence that renminbi designs are in public domain.

However, for currencies that are in circulation, there are some non-copyright restrictions. The use of Renminbi designs is subject to approval. According to the Measures for the Administration of the Use of Renminbi Designs (人民币图样使用管理办法) (amended in 2019)[8]:

  • Article 4 The use of Renminbi designs are not permitted for ceremonial, lifestyle and finance bill purposes;
  • Article 6 The use of Renminbi designs are administrated territorially, and every use cases shall be approved one by one. The People's Bank of China, to which their headquarter is located in Shanghai, as well as their branches, business management departs, sub-branches of the capitals of provinces, and centre bank of PBC in Shenzhen, are the approval authorities of Renminbi use cases. The local branches of PBC are acceptance agencies of applications of cases.
  • Article 9 The use of Renminbi designs should follow the following terms:
    • Only one paper face by one picture;
    • No harms of Renminbi images, national interests and public interests are allowed;
    • Will not let the public consider mistakenly as the Renminbi itself;

...

OK for those with expired copyright.

Panoramafreiheit

Abkürzung

Siehe auch: Commons:Panoramafreiheit

In general, OK , with attribution {{FoP-China}}, for outdoor and indoor works (since June 2021 with the 2020 amendment of the copyright law allowing indoor works[9]) but Warning sign practically may be problematic with regards to images of 2D works like murals and permanent outdoor paintings (reference: Commons:Deletion requests/File:Mao Zedong portrait.jpg). To summarize:

  • OK for architecture,
  • OK for 3D works like sculptures (and possibly things like handicrafts, ceramics, and tiles), and
  • generally  Nicht OK for 2D works like murals and outdoor paintings, unless their presences in images are not being main subjects.

The reproduction of artistic, architectural, or applied artwork, is covered under the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, which allows reproduction of works in an outdoor public place if the author and the name of the original work is attributed.

  • Article 24: In the following cases, a work may be exploited without the permission from, and without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the name or designation of the author and the title of the work are mentioned and the normal use of the work, or unreasonably damage the lawful rights and interests of the copyright owner shall not be affected:
    (10) copying, drawing, photographing, or video recording of an artistic work located or on display in a public place;...
    The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to restrictions on copyright-related rights.

The "Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China" (2020) Article 24, clause 10 states that:

[A] work may be exploited without the permission from, and without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the name or designation of the author and the title of the work are mentioned and the normal use of the work, or unreasonably damage the lawful rights and interests of the copyright owner shall not be affected:
copying, drawing, photographing, or video recording of an artistic work located or on display in a public place

Regulations and court decisions regarding to freedom of panorama:

The following examples are OK:

  • Photos of the May Wind sculpture. Shandong Province Higher People's Court ruled in a civil case that the usage of an image of this sculpture as a wallpaper in cellphones by a cellphone manufacturer is permissible. China's Supreme Court later on endorsed this ruling.
Some limitations to the Chinese freedom of panorama as ruled by courts
  • The Chinese FOP provision can hardly apply to works temporarily displayed in public places according to the reply by Supreme People's Court in 1995, which stated that works displayed only during the festival cannot be considered as "an artistic work located or on display in a public place".
  • More recently, however, Chongqing Yuzhong District People's Court ruled in 2016 that the use of a photo of an outdoor sculpture on postcards for sale (commercial use without attribution) to be an infringement of the sculpture creator's rights (source: [7][8]). Note that the judge applied criteria pertaining to "fair use", including the purpose of reuse, the nature of use, and the consequences of use. Regarding the nature of use, the judge comments, "in this case, the photo contained in the 'Folklore Heritage' postcard issued by the advertising company is a full-body frontal photo of the sculpture of the 'Ciqikou night watchman', which is featured prominently in the picture and is the main vehicle for the postcard to express the design theme of 'Folklore Heritage', so this kind of use is not incidental."
  • Regarding 2D works like outdoor paintings permanently installed in public spaces and murals, a recent court case by Beijing IP court (2020) gave a negative decision: "The Court believes that the general use of 2D art works by copyright owners is relatively simple, that is, copying works, creating derivative works on the basis of the original works for commercial use or authorizing others to do so. If a 2D art work is displayed in a public place, others can freely use it for commercial purposes after photographing, drawing or copying, the licensing and copyright owner's income will be seriously threatened, then the normal use of the work will be affected and the legitimate rights and interests enjoyed by the copyright owner will be prejudiced."
See also: Category:Chinese FOP cases.

Schöpfungshöhe

Abkürzung

Siehe auch: Commons:Schöpfungshöhe

China has a relatively low threshold of originality standard; basic designs may be copyrightable. One of the most noticeable cases is the logo of a company named Gang Heng (listed below) ruled by China's supreme court as copyrighted (see below).

Die folgenden Beispiele sind OK:

  • "Matchstick man" (image) with a black sphere as a head, black lines as torso, limbs and feet is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality (source).
  • Five SKECHERS logos (image) are not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality in 2020 (final judgement and related news coverage).
  • "BIOU" logo (image), with letter "b" and "o", and a small barcode in the upper right corner, is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality in 2018 (final judgement and related articles [9] [10]). Note that the logo was initially ruled as copyrightable by the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board and a lower court.
  • "KON" logo (see below), with three black bars crossed together, is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Beijing Dongcheng District People's Court in 2019 (final judgement and news coverage).
  • "Chao Qun" logo (see below), is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled China's Supreme People's Court in 2012 (original judgment by the Court). The court asserted that the expression does not show the existence of a unique style; there are only subtle differences when compared to the common Seal script and Clerical script, the "Chao Qun" logo does not reach a certain creative height, and does not have originality.
  • A stick figure similar to this image, where the head is represented by a circle and other parts represented by straight lines, is not copyrightable.
    A stick figure similar to this image, where the head is represented by a circle and other parts represented by straight lines, is not copyrightable.
  • The SKECHERS's S logo is not copyrightable.
    The SKECHERS's S logo is not copyrightable.
  • KON logo with three black bars crossed together is not copyrightable.
    KON logo with three black bars crossed together is not copyrightable.
  • Chao Qun logo is not copyrightable.
    Chao Qun logo is not copyrightable.

The following examples are  Not OK:

are copyrighted (Copyright Law of the PR China: "Article 2 Works of Chinese citizens, legal entities or other organizations, whether published or not, shall enjoy copyright in accordance with this Law." ; "Article 3 'Works' mentioned in this Law shall include [...] in the following forms: (4) works of fine art and architecture" ; Regulations for the Implementation: "Article 4 (8) 'works of fine arts' means [...] such as paintings, works of calligraphy and sculptures;")
  • Handwriting: a hand-written manuscript was deemed copyrightable as work of art, according to a decision made by Nanjing Intermediate People's Court in 2017 (sources: [11] [12], Final judgement).
  • "LY" company logo (alternative link; archived from the original), although arguably relatively simple, has been ruled copyrightable by Trademark Appeal Board of the State Administration of Industry & Commerce, Beijing Intellectual Property Court, and Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality.
  • Typefaces of characters "笑", "喜", and "城市宝贝" in these two logos are copyrightable, ruled Nanjing Intermediate People's Court in 2012. However the character "巴" in the same logo was decided not copyrightable for lacking originality in the same decision. (source, court decision full text: Final judgement)
  • Gang Heng logo: China's Supreme People's Court ruled this logo to be protected by copyright in 2014 (original judgment by the Court; related news coverage).
  • Dyneema logo (in this article): China's Supreme People's Court ruled this logo to be protected by copyright in 2017 (original judgment by the Court).
  • K2 Sports logo as shown in the image below is eligible for copyright protection, determined during trademark adjudication proceedings in 2010 (source).
  • The logo of K2 Sports is copyrightable in China (but not copyrightable in its country of origin, the US).
    The logo of K2 Sports is copyrightable in China (but not copyrightable in its country of origin, the US).

Unterschriften

Abkürzung

Siehe auch: Commons:Wann der PD-Signature-Lizenzbaustein verwendet werden soll

 Not OK: According to the laws of the People's Republic of China, whether a work is protected by copyright, that is contingent on the originality (独创性, literally "independent creativity"). Works having originality are protected and the copyright held by their authors ("Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020) Article 15: "A work created by compilation shall refer to the work which is compiled of some works, fragments of works or the data or other materials not constituting a work, and the choice or layout of the contents of which embodies the original creation. The copyright of the compilation work shall be enjoyed by the compiler, provided that the exercise of such copyright does not infringe upon the copyright of the pre-existing works included in the compilation.") The signatures are commonly created independently rather than imitatively.

The signatures by the Chinese people containing Chinese characters may be considered as Chinese calligraphy works, and thus defined as artwork (美术作品, or translated as "works of fine arts") and protected by law ("Regulations for the Implementation of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2002) Article 4: "(8) 'works of fine arts' means two- or three-dimensional works of the plastic arts created in lines, colours or other media which impart aesthetic effect, such as paintings, works of calligraphy and sculptures;"). In a typical case, Dow Jones & Company had used a calligraphy "道" written by calligrapher Guan Dongsheng. In 2003, Guan Dongsheng won his court action against the company, ruling by the Beijing First Intermediate People's Court. The artwork can be seen here.

Exceptions OK:

  • If a signature is originally from documents of legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, it is in the public domain (see {{PD-PRC-exempt}}).
  • Signatures whose author died more than 50 years ago are in the public domain.
  • If the work is not a handwritten signature, but was instead created using standard, common typefaces of Ming, Sans-serif, or Regular script, it may be in the public domain. However, the vector glyphs in computer fonts may still be copyrighted.

Briefmarken

Abkürzung

Siehe auch: Commons:Briefmarken

As mentioned elsewhere (see Manchukuo and Wang Jingwei regime CRT pages), stamps issued by the government of Manchukuo, or the Wang Jingwei regime are nowadays in public domain, as both are considered as puppet regimes by Chinese Government, and hence never recognized their copyright status.

Pending informations, but in normal cases  Not OK for nearly all non-Manchukuo, non-Wang-regime stamps in China, because in most cases, the dates of birth of authors of those stamps are not publicly known, unless if that's issued before Jan 1, 1929 which is a {{PD-anon-expired}} case, we should de facto judge them as copyrighted by China Post or its affiliates (e.g. Beijing Stamp Factory).[7]

In rare cases, if the dates of birth of authors of some individual stamps are known, those can enter the public domain 50 years after the death of the creator.

Siehe auch

Zitate

  1. ↑ a b China Copyright and Related Rights (Neighboring Rights). WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization (2021). Retrieved on 2021-11-08.
  2. ↑ Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China (as amended up to the Decision of February 26, 2010, by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Amending the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China). China (2010). Retrieved on 2018-11-08.
  3. ↑ 中华人民共和国著作权法 (2010年) Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2010)
  4. ↑ Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2010)
  5. ↑ 中华人民共和国著作权法 (1990年) Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (1990)
  6. ↑ 中华人民共和国著作权法实施条例 Implementing Regulations of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China
  7. ↑ a b 中华人民共和国民法典 Civil Code of the People's Republic of China
  8. ↑ People's Bank of China. 人民币图样使用管理办法. China Banknote Priting and Minting Corp.
  9. ↑ 中华人民共和国著作权法 (2020年) Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020)
Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. Siehe auch: Commons:Allgemeiner Haftungsausschluss
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