File:Canadian forest industries 1905-1906 (1906) (19903285853).jpg

Title: Canadian forest industries 1905-1906
Identifier: canadianforest190506donm (find matches)
Year: 1906 (1900s)
Authors:
Subjects: Lumbering; Forests and forestry; Forest products; Wood-pulp industry; Wood-using industries
Publisher: Don Mills, Ont. : Southam Business Publications
Contributing Library: Fisher - University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto

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Mabch, 1905 THE CANADA LUMBERMAN 21 as if made of staves. The stacks are broad enough for two pieces of heading to reach the edges. A large quantity of stock can be placed in a limited floor space, on account of its com- pactness, and from its steadiness the pile can be built to a great height, while the stack is materially larger in floor space. The onlv objection to these high stacks is in passing the stock up to such a height, or from one pile to another to reach the highest point at which the heading is to be stacked. When these stacks are to be made very high, care must be taken to start on a level foundation, strong enough to stand the weight, any giving of the bottom rendering a pile likely to fall, a result often seen from carelessness in this de- tail of the work. As a rule, staves may be placed on the mar- ket without being perfectly dry more success- fully than can heading. For salt barrels staves from five to six weeks old are often used, if the barrels are filled with salt at once, owing to the damp nature of the salt. When barrels are to be stored empty they should be made from perfectly dry staves, while flour barrels should be made from staves from 15 to 20 w eeks old, if the weather has been favorable, and longer during wet weather, before the staves are jointed. Staves may be passed through a kiln and dried in a week or less, but it is doubtful if they are as good as the air-dried stock. In the kiln-dried stock, the ends are held covered by the other staves in lapping, allowing the mid- dles to cure by the action of the heat from the edge, which causes them to fall short in joint- ing, causing a greater number to be put in the No. 2 pile and in the culls. A two-piece or double stack is one in which two pieces are placed side by side on the foun- dation, then two other pieces are placed a little in advance and in line with the first two, on which they must lap. Where economy of space is not to be considered, and where the most complete exposure to the action of the atmos- phere is desirable, heading may be stacked in circular or single tier stacks, thus securing the greatest exposure obtainable. The circular stack is made by laying out a circle as large as may be desired with or without mark- ing. Heading placed on the circle, with each alternate piece two inches less than the length apart, will furnish the start or foundation for lapping each succeeding piece, up to an in- definite height. Heading stacked in this man- ner is securely held against warping, and has almost the entire surface protected from rain, even in the open air. The weight of the stacks has a tendency to hold the heading straight, and the slow drying of the ends goes a long way towards preventing end-checks. Circular stacking is a favorite method for tight cooperage, because heading for oil, whis- ky, vinegar and other tight packages is sawed or riven thin on the heart edge and thick on the sap edge. In rived stock the thickness at heart and sap is very great. In sawed tight heading, the difference is more regular, though indefinite, because if the machine is set to saw 5 8 inch on the heart and 1 inch on the sap at 14 inches wide, then when sawing pieces 6 or 8 inches wide it will make the thin edge thicker or the thick edge thinner, keeping the pieces with the grain, sawing a waste piece from the sap side or edge and. not reaching to the heart. The thick and thin edges of tight heading make it accommodate itself nicely to a circular stack, because the thin edge is always turned inward, which, fitting and lying snugly, makes a neat and firm stack. Placing the thich edge outward gives it more exposure to the sun and air. If stacked in straight stacks the thick and thin edges would necessarily be placed alternately and only a few thick edges be exposed to the sun. The undesirable features about triple stack- ing are that the stack is thick and compact, while the usual excessive laps hinder or almost prevent the proper circulation of air round the staves or heading. Staves for tight cooper- age are often stacked edge upward across the stack. A layer is placed full length of the stack, then a string of staves placed on each end of these, on edge, full length of stack ; then more staves on edge, and so on indefi- nitely. This method has its good features, as well as those that are not so good. It exposes the ends, there being no lap to keep the end from drying. Edge stacking is desirable for beer stock, on which, being extra thick at the ends, lapping is quite objectionable. The edge-wise method is sure to put all the weight of the stock above on the broadest pieces, hence the stacks cannot be built very high, no matter how desirable it would be to economize floor space. All these details, unimportant individually, become very important collectively. The little, unimportant items make, in the aggregate, the important whole, Jt is necessary for the man into whose hands the business falls to decide on a line of procedure, and see to it that all the details are attended to correctly. It is as easy (and a good deal safer) to do work correctly, as it is to do it wrong, and a good deal more profitable. —Packages. LARGEST WATER WHEEL IN EXISTENCE. The illustration on this page represents a 10,500 h.p. water wheel which the I. P. Mor- ris Company, of Philadelphia, recently installed in the power house of the Shawinigan Water and Power Company at Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, and which is the largest wheel that , has ever been constructed. It is 30 feet from base to top ; 22 feet wide ; weighs 364,000 pounds ; shaft is of forged steel, solid, 32 feet 3^ inches long, 22 inches in diameter in cen- ter, tapering to 16 inches on the generator side and 10 inches on the other side ; the dis- tance from center to center of shaft bearings is 27 feet ; the shaft weighs 10 tons ; the runner is of bronze and weighs 5 tons ; the intake is 10 feet diameter. The wheel proper is intended to operate at a speed of 180 revolutions per minute, under a head of water varying from 125 to 135 feet. The quantity of water going through the tur- bine when developing the full power is 395,000 gallons per minute. Some idea of the quantity of water which this means may be gathered from the fact that it is equal to a river 88 feet wide and 10 feet deep, having a constant flow of 60 feet per minute, The Largest Water Wheel Ever Constructed—10,500 Horse Power.
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