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English: Anatomy of Martha, the last Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius). FIG. 4. Tongue, hyoid, trachea, heart, liver and digestive organs removed from their cavities and photographed on anterior or ventral view. The crop (cr.) has been turned around to occupy the posterior aspect of the windpipe or trachea, in order that the latter may be seen for its entire length. The cardiac extremities of the great vessels at the base of the heart can easily be recognized. The left lobe of the liver (11.) and the gizzard are in the normal relations to each other. FIG. 5. Same structures and organs as seen in Fig. 4. The tongue and pharynx are seen upon dorsal view; the crop and cesophagus are twisted about the trachea in order to show the reverse side of the first-mentioned organ. The lower part of the trachea (lower larynx) and bronchial tubes are seen. Heart and great vessels are shown upon posterior aspect. The left lobe of the liver is thrown forwards in order to give a complete view of the gizzard, which latter has been bisected and turned so as to show its dorsal surface. FIG. 6. Interior aspect of the anterior moiety of the gizzard exhibiting the muscular portion, with the central cavity filled with small pebbles. FIG. 7. Anterior view of the lower part of the trachea; the lower larynx, and the bronchial tubes. About twice natural size, and drawn by the author direct from the specimen.