File:0121521 Chaturbhuj Temple, Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh 121.jpg
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[edit]Description0121521 Chaturbhuj Temple, Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh 121.jpg |
English: The Chaturbhuj Temple of Gwalior is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu excavated in a rock face in the Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh, India. The temple is famous for the earliest known inscription in the world that uses the symbol "0" to mean zero (see, Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer). The inscription states, among other things, that the community planted a garden of 187 hastas by 270 hastas (1 hasta = 1.5 feet), that the garden yielded 50 garlands for the temple everyday. The last digits of 270 and 50 are "O" shaped. While Indian and non-Indian texts mention zero much earlier, this temple has the earliest known epigraphical evidence inscribed in stone that already knows and uses the concept of zero.
This rock-cut temple has several inscriptions. One above the sanctum doorway is in classical prashasti style and states that this monolithic temple was carved into a wall of Gopagiri (Gwalior fort) in the 9th century CE. Another inscription is longer and mentions Bhoja, then proceeds to explain how the temple and local community plans to ensure daily services. The Chaturbhuj temple is a Nagara-style temple. Its artwork was muitilated and its sikhara (spire) was torn down during Sultanate-era invasions sometime after the 13th century. After Gwalior returned to being a princely state and Hindu rule during the colonial era, the ruins were cleaned up, the sikhara was restored with new material. On the outer walls of the temple, various small reliefs panels of various Vishnu avatar and Lakshmi related artwork are present. The site also has Shiva and Shakti related iconography. |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | Ms Sarah Welch |
Camera location | 26° 13′ 50.04″ N, 78° 10′ 10.86″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 26.230567; 78.169683 |
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Licensing
[edit]This file is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. | |
The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of their rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.enCC0Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedicationfalsefalse |
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current | 09:38, 4 December 2022 | 960 × 1,280 (1.71 MB) | Ms Sarah Welch (talk | contribs) | Uploaded own work with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | samsung |
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Camera model | SM-M317F |
Exposure time | 1/50 sec (0.02) |
F-number | f/1.8 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:48, 15 December 2021 |
Lens focal length | 5.23 mm |
Latitude | 26° 13′ 50.04″ N |
Longitude | 78° 10′ 10.86″ E |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Luminar AI |
File change date and time | 12:48, 15 December 2021 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:48, 15 December 2021 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX aperture | 1.69 |
APEX brightness | 1.03 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 1.69 APEX (f/1.8) |
Metering mode | Spot |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTime subseconds | 000 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 000 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 000 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 24 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |