File:069 Flowstone 6.jpg
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Summary
[edit]Description069 Flowstone 6.jpg |
English: Coral Caverns (formerly called Wonderland Caverns) is a small cave located in the town of Manns Choice, southern Pennsylvania, USA.
Coral Caverns was discovered in 1928. Its entrance is in an old, small, agricultural lime quarry. The cave is developed in nearly vertical beds of the Jersey Shore Member of the Keyser Limestone (Upper Silurian). Six hundred feet worth of passages have been mapped here. The rocks are fossiliferous limestones - obvious marine fossils protrude from many of the cave's walls and ceiling areas. The cave's name is in reference to a large wall (really a vertically tilted limestone bedding plane) with what appears to be an abundance of fossil colonial corals. These fossils are actually stromatoporoids. Some have mistakenly referred to these fossils as stromatolites (= layered cyanobacterial buildups). In some areas, silicified bryozoans, crinoid stems, solitary rugose corals, and platycerid gastropods (?) protrude from the limestone matrix. Observed travertine speleothem at Coral Caverns includes dripstone (stalactites, stalagmites, columns), draperies, coralloids (= cave popcorn; = knobstone), and flowstone. These photos were taken in boreal summer 2006. Reference: Wertz (2009) - Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Coral Caverns, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 41(4): 16-17. |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/8318080856/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/8318080856. It was reviewed on 24 February 2023 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
24 February 2023
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current | 16:49, 24 February 2023 | 3,008 × 2,000 (2.22 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/8318080856/ with UploadWizard |
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Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D70s |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/4.5 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:25, 31 August 2006 |
Lens focal length | 48 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS2 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 06:31, 28 December 2012 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Not defined |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:25, 31 August 2006 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.3 APEX (f/4.44) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash fired, strobe return light detected, auto mode |
DateTime subseconds | 10 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 10 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 10 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 72 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Soft |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 3,008 px |
Image height | 2,000 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 01:31, 28 December 2012 |