File:1850 scratch signature (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) (38260155496).jpg
Original file (3,127 × 1,667 pixels, file size: 4.56 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Summary[edit]
Description1850 scratch signature (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) (38260155496).jpg |
Western Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave is the longest known cave on Earth, with over 412 miles of passages currently explored & mapped, as of fall 2017. The name “Mammoth Cave” does not refer to its world-record length, nor to the early discovery of mammoth or mastodon fossils here (actually, fossil proboscidean skeletal remains have been reported from this locality). Rather, the name refers to the immense size of many of the rooms and passages. It is not certain exactly when Mammoth Cave was discovered. A story about its 1797 discovery by a man named Houchins (or Hutchins) is fictional - the park service knows this, but still tells the story during cave tours. However, Mammoth Cave’s earliest acknowledgement in available historical records dates to 1797. Shown above is mid-19th century graffiti in Main Cave, the principal trunk passage in the Mammoth Cave Ridge portion of the system. Early tourists often left their names on passage walls or ceilings. This practice (= vandalism) continued well after the area became a park. One method of leaving a signature was making scratches. This scratch signature was done in 1850 by Mat Bransford, one of the most famous guides in Mammoth Cave history (<a href="https://www.nps.gov/maca/learn/historyculture/images/Old_Mat_Bransford_CMS.JPG" rel="nofollow">www.nps.gov/maca/learn/historyculture/images/Old_Mat_Bran...</a>). Locality: wall of Main Cave between Gothic Avenue and Standing Rocks, Mammoth Cave Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, western Kentucky, USA |
Date | |
Source | 1850 scratch signature (Main Cave, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) |
Author | James St. John |
Licensing[edit]
- You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
- Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/38260155496 (archive). It was reviewed on 13 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
13 October 2019
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
current | 17:38, 13 October 2019 | 3,127 × 1,667 (4.56 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage on Commons
There are no pages that use this file.
Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | Canon |
---|---|
Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/4.5 |
ISO speed rating | 400 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:49, 15 June 2011 |
Lens focal length | 14.303 mm |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
|
Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 13:59, 10 November 2017 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:49, 15 June 2011 |
Meaning of each component |
|
Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 4.34375 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.34375 APEX (f/4.51) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Date metadata was last modified | 08:59, 10 November 2017 |
Unique ID of original document | uuid:08531417584311E2B629AC15C96AB339 |
Copyright status | Copyright status not set |
IIM version | 2 |