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English: Fig. 5: Evolution of the central nervous system in Panarthropoda. Known neuroanatomical organization depicted in purple. Crosses indicate extinct clades. a Simplified tree topology showing the position of Mollisonia and Megacheira as members of stem-group Chelicerata, based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses under both Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony (Supplementary Fig. 5); this hypothesis produces the most parsimonious reconstruction of the evolution of the central nervous system. b. Alternative tree topology showing the position of Mollisonia within stem-group Chelicerata, and megacheirans as stem-group Euarthropoda (e.g., refs. 34, 43) this topology implies convergent evolution of the central nervous system between megacheirans and crown-group chelicerates, and was not recovered in our phylogenetic analyses. Sources for neuroanatomical data: Onychophora71, Tardigrada72, Radiodonta17, Fuxianhuiida15, 19, Megacheira16, 22, Chelicerata43, Mollisonia (this study), Mandibulata47. Character coding is available in the Supplementary Note. Morphological data set of 54 taxa and 106 characters available in the Supplementary Data 1. post. connec. posterior connectives, single op. n. single optic neuropil outside protocerebrum.