File:Béguinage of Bruges (2541442494).jpg
Original file (4,084 × 2,284 pixels, file size: 6.44 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
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Summary[edit]
DescriptionBéguinage of Bruges (2541442494).jpg |
Please take a large view! A Béguinage is a collection of small buildings used by Beguines, which were several lay sisterhoods of the Roman Catholic Church, founded in the 13th century in the Low Countries, of religious women who sought to serve God without retiring from the world. A "Begijnhof" (as the Dutch name is) or Béguinage comprises a courtyard surrounded by small dwellings. It is often encircled by a wall and secluded from the town proper by one or two gates. Poor and elderly beguines were housed here by benefactors. Béguinages are to be found in an area roughly corresponding with present-day Northern and North-Eastern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Western and North-Western Germany. The beguines were a religious women's movement. Their success, according to the Belgian historian Henri Pirenne, was due to a surplus of women occasioned by violence, war, military and semi-military operations, which took the lives of many men. Great numbers of women had no option but to unite and collectively secure the aid of rich benefactors. Similarly, nuns' convents in the twelfth century enjoyed substantial initial success. Stricter rules within Cistercian and other abbeys, however, caused many women to seek less strict surroundings. Moreover, these abbeys' initial success necessitated the refusal of a great many applications for admission. As an additional obstacle, in several cases a certain degree of prosperity was required as a condition for admission to a regular nunnery. Town orders, such as the Dominicans, which did not make this requirement, were more successful for that very reason. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
Date | |
Source | Béguinage of Bruges |
Author | Wolfgang Staudt from Saarbruecken, Germany |
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This image, originally posted to Flickr, was reviewed on 29 January 2013 by the administrator or reviewer File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske), who confirmed that it was available on Flickr under the stated license on that date. |
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 17:31, 29 January 2013 | 4,084 × 2,284 (6.44 MB) | File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr by User:russavia |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D300 |
Exposure time | 1/125 sec (0.008) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 12:22, 23 May 2008 |
Lens focal length | 24 mm |
Online copyright statement | http://www.flickr.com/photos/wolfgangstaudt |
Short title |
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Author | Wolfgang Staudt |
Copyright holder |
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City shown | Brügge |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Ver.1.00 |
File change date and time | 13:01, 1 June 2008 |
Exposure Program | Aperture priority |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 12:22, 23 May 2008 |
APEX shutter speed | 6.965784 |
APEX aperture | 6 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4 APEX (f/4) |
Metering mode | Center weighted average |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 82 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 82 |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 36 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Width | 4,084 px |
Height | 2,284 px |
Pixel composition | RGB |
Number of components | 3 |
Image width | 4,084 px |
Image height | 2,284 px |
Bits per component |
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Date metadata was last modified | 16:00, 1 June 2008 |
Copyright status | Copyrighted |
Keywords |
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Contact information | wolfgang.staudt@gmail.com
Sankt Johanner Strasse 41 - 43 Saarbruecken, Saarland, 66111 Bundesrepublik Deutschland |
Country shown | Belgien |
IIM version | 2 |