File:Blue topaz 2.jpg

English: (~8 millimetes across; 2.71 carats; probably irradiated)

---

A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 5900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.

The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals. All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry. "Silica" refers to SiO2 chemistry. The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4. Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens "belong" to each silicon. The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4.

The simplest and most abundant silicate mineral in the Earth's crust is quartz (SiO2). All other silicates have silica + impurities. Many silicates have a significant percentage of aluminum (the aluminosilicates).

Topaz is superficially similar to quartz. Topaz is an aluminum hydroxy-fluorosilicate (Al2SiO4(F,OH)2). It is very hard (H≡8), has a nonmetallic, glassy luster, and often occurs in ~columnar crystals having striations parallel to the long axis. Topaz varies in color from clearish to yellowish to greenish to bluish to pinkish, etc. Unlike quartz, topaz has one good cleavage. Topaz is an igneous mineral; it is found in many pegmatites.

Locality: undisclosed

---

Photo gallery of topaz:

www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3996