File:Bochum 008.jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionBochum 008.jpg |
English: Bochum
The Ruhr area ('Ruhrgebiet') is named after the river that borders it to the south and is the largest urban area in Germany with over five million people. It is mostly known as a densely-populated industrial area. By 1850 there were almost 300 coal mines in operation in the Ruhr area. The coal was exported or processed in coking ovens into coke, used in blast furnaces, producing iron and steel. Because of the industrial significance, it had been a target from the start of the war, yet "the organized defences and the large amount of industrial pollutants produced a semi-permanent smog or industrial haze that hampered accurate bombing". During World War II, the industry and cities in the Ruhr area were heavily bombed. The combination of the lack of historic city centres, which were burned to ashes, and (air) pollution has given the area and the cities a bad reputation. Especially because it is so close to the Netherlands, I thought it would be an interesting area to visit for a little trip. I have spent three nights at a campsite on the Ruhr and visited six cities. Bochum dates from the 9th century and was granted a town charter in 1321, yet it remained a small town until the 19th century. The establishment of the mining and the steel industry resulted in steep population rise. Coals refined as coke needed for the steel production led to the emergence of coking plants. Bochum's growth at the end of the 19th century took place without any overarching planning, and so no organized infrastructure could develop at first. Industrial settlements and company apartments were built at the colliery sites, while the established farms around the industrial sites continued to farm. In 1894 the first tram line went into operation. During the Second World War, more than 30,000 people were used as slave labor in Bochum and Wattenscheid as part of the Nazi forced labor, while 38 percent of the city was destroyed by bombings. With a population of 365,000 inhabitans, Bochum is the fourth largest city in the Ruhr area and the 16th largest city in Germany. Kaufhaus Kortum was constructed between 1914 and 1921 by the architects Walter Klose and Georg Schäfer. The original owner was Gebr. Alsberg AG , which belonged to the retail group of Siegfried and Alfred Alsberg. The building was therefore known as the Alsberg department store until 1934 After 1933, the Alsberg family was expropriated by the National Socialists in the course of Aryanization due to their Jewish descent or religious affiliation. The Bochum department store Alsberg was renamed “Kaufhaus Kortum” in 1934 after the doctor, scientist and poet Carl Arnold Kortum. From August 9, 1935, the "Certificate of the successful completion of the Aryanization" was in a showcase in the entrance area of the house. Alfred Alsberg, his wife and brother were deported to the Łódź ghetto in 1941 and were murdered - presumably there. The building was badly damaged during the air raids in World War II. A partial reopening took place in 1946. The house and especially the facade was repaired by the Bochum architect Heinrich Kirchmeier from 1947 to 1949. Source: Wikipedia (edited) |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/rutgervandermaar/50372889497/ |
Author | Rutger van der Maar |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Rutger van der Maar at https://flickr.com/photos/83468718@N06/50372889497. It was reviewed on 26 April 2021 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
26 April 2021
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current | 17:17, 26 April 2021 | 2,048 × 1,410 (1.38 MB) | DestinationFearFan (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by Rutger van der Maar from https://www.flickr.com/photos/rutgervandermaar/50372889497/ with UploadWizard |
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Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
Camera model | Canon PowerShot G10 |
Exposure time | 1/200 sec (0.005) |
F-number | f/4 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 11:26, 20 August 2020 |
Lens focal length | 6.1 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | darktable 3.2.1 |
File change date and time | 18:07, 22 September 2020 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 11:26, 20 August 2020 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 5 |
APEX shutter speed | 7.65625 |
APEX aperture | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.33333333333333 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 11,835.616438356 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 11,835.616438356 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Manual white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Rating (out of 5) | 1 |