File:Cult of Heavenly horse bronze horse ancient finial Bucephalus Ancient Akhal Teke.jpg
原始文件 (5,146 × 5,146像素,文件大小:4.31 MB,MIME类型:image/jpeg)
说明
摘要[编辑]
描述Cult of Heavenly horse bronze horse ancient finial Bucephalus Ancient Akhal Teke.jpg |
English: The ceremonial gilt bronze finial, known as the Ferghana horse or the Heavenly Horse, features a standing horse and dates back to the 4th-1st century BCE.
This ceremonial gilt bronze finial with standing horse is an artifact from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. As the Scythians came into contact with the Greeks in the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, artists from the two cultures influenced each other. The gilt bronze finial has much in common with the famous Scythian gold artifacts found thousands of kilometers to the west on the banks of the Bosphorus and the Chersonese, although a high degree of cultural syncretism characterizes the gilt bronze finial. Hellenistic cultural and artistic influences can be seen in many aspects of the horse sculpture, which can be attributed to the existence of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. This demonstrates the richness of the cultural influences in the Bactria area at the time. The gilt bronze horse has a refined head, a swan-like neck, a slim body, and a deep chest, and it is sitting atop the finial with its long legs stretched out. The artwork combines Scythian and Hellenistic elements. The horse’s long mane is depicted in the Hellenistic style, while its ribs are presented in the anatomical style. During the Hellenistic period, the styles of sculptures ranged from the anatomical style to the naturalistic and realistic styles. An ancient Hellenistic pattern is also featured on the base of the finial. The gilt bronze finial with horse is a clear example of the animal style of art. The animal style typical of Scythian culture is associated with a rich variety of plastics as well as the symmetry of composite solutions. Artefacts such as the finial were mounted on shafts and buildings for ritual purposes. The rulers of the Scythian commonly used finials for ceremonies dedicated to the cult of Heavenly Horses when traveling, attending festivals, and even horse racing. Archeologists and researchers have long been attracted to Scythian artworks due to their conventional stylization of details and appropriate elements. At the same time, such artworks demonstrate a high degree of accuracy and reflect the highly artistic approach of the Scythian animal style. The Scythian culture gave rise to artifacts that are now recognized as masterpieces of ancient art. The various representations of horses in these artworks indicate how important they were to Scythian culture. Artworks such as the gilt bronze finial depict stronger and bigger horses, which reveals the presence of cross-breeding. After cross-breeding, the new horses were highly valued due to their graceful and elegant appearance. The breeders also valued animals that exhibited endurance and speed. These new horses have been described as being much faster and stronger than the typical Chinese and Mongolian horse breeds. Indeed, the “heavenly” horses were fast and light. Jonathan Tao, a research historian from the University of Chicago, author of Heavenly Horses of Bactria: The Creation of the Silk Road, has stated that the gilt bronze finial should be identified with an ancestor of the modern Akhal-Teke horse breed, a descendant of the “heavenly horses” acquired from Central Asia during the War of the Heavenly Horses. The War of the Heavenly Horses (or the Han-Dayuan War) was a military conflict fought from 104 BCE to 102 BCE between the Chinese Han dynasty and the Scythian-ruled Dayuan which was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. The war was fought in the Ferghana Valley at the easternmost end of the former Persian Empire (between modern-day Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan). More specifically, Dayuan (or Tayuan; Chinese: 大宛; pinyin: Dàyuān; literally: “Great Ionians”) was a city-state in the Ferghana Valley in Central Asia, which is described in Chinese historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han. It is also mentioned in accounts written by the famous Chinese explorer Zhang Qian and the numerous ambassadors who followed him into Central Asia in 130 BCE. The Dayuan people were the descendants of Greek colonists who followed Alexander the Great and settled in Ferghana in 329 BCE. They prospered within the Hellenistic realm of the Seleucids and Greco-Bactrians until they were isolated by the migration of the Scythian people in around 140 BCE. It appears that the name “Yuan” was simply a transliteration of the Sanskrit terms “Yavana” or “Pali Yona,” which were used throughout antiquity in Asia to designate Greeks (or Ionians). This indicates that “Dayuan” was used to refer to “Great Ionians” or “Great Greeks.” By 100 BCE, the Dayuan people had been defeated by the Han dynasty in the Han-Dayuan War. This interaction between the Dayuan people and the Chinese is historically crucial, as it represents one of the first major instances of contact between an urbanized Western civilization and the Chinese civilization. As such, it helped to pave the way for the development of the Silk Road, which linked the East and the West in terms of both material and cultural exchange from the 1st century BCE through to the 15th century. Thus, the role of horses in the development of Chinese civilization is hugely significant. Due to understanding the strategic importance of horse breeding, the Han empire was able to continue the development of its civilization. Through the use of elite breeds of horses, the art of warfare was modernized, which made it possible to adequately respond to raids by neighboring nomadic civilizations. The significance of the role of the horse is clearly reflected in the works of art of the Han period. The gilt bronze finial of the horse belongs to those times when Han began to spread its influence in the territory of Ancient Central Asia, where the nomadic civilization challenged them. It was necessary to obtain an important military and strategic resource – the best horses, ready to compete with the cavalry of nomads. Ferghana "heavenly" horses belong to one of the world's earliest known cultural breeds of racehorses, a fast and light Eastern type, perfectly suited for cavalry. They are the ancestors of all the best Asian horse breeds: Arabian, Turkmen (Akhal-Teke), and Kyrgyz. Even allowing for the inevitable cross-breeding experiments over centuries and the blending of bloodlines since the time of Herodotus, the Akhal-Teke horse breed has retained the main features described by historians since ancient times, of which the gilt bronze finial is proof. "The Akhal-Teke is the first pureblood horse in history; it is the direct ancestor of the English thoroughbred," said Jonathan Maslow, author of Sacred Horses. The artifact can serve as proof of this belief. Source: https://artdaily.com/news/147043/The-Akhal-Teke-was-history-s-first-pureblood-horse-breed#.Yqdty4iFPIX https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/04/how-chinas-han-dynasty-got-the-heavenly-horses-to-create-its-mighty-cavalry/ |
||
日期 | |||
来源 | Miroslav Kutsev | ||
作者 | Miroslav Kutsev | ||
授权 (二次使用本文件) |
|
相机位置 | 43° 43′ 34.78″ 北, 7° 24′ 43.57″ 东 | 在以下服务上查看本图像和附近其他图像: OpenStreetMap | 43.726328; 7.412102 |
---|
许可协议[编辑]
- 您可以自由地:
- 共享 – 复制、发行并传播本作品
- 修改 – 改编作品
- 惟须遵守下列条件:
- 署名 – 您必须对作品进行署名,提供授权条款的链接,并说明是否对原始内容进行了更改。您可以用任何合理的方式来署名,但不得以任何方式表明许可人认可您或您的使用。
- 相同方式共享 – 如果您再混合、转换或者基于本作品进行创作,您必须以与原先许可协议相同或相兼容的许可协议分发您贡献的作品。
文件历史
点击某个日期/时间查看对应时刻的文件。
日期/时间 | 缩略图 | 大小 | 用户 | 备注 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
当前 | 2021年8月11日 (三) 07:05 | 5,146 × 5,146(4.31 MB) | Mussklprozz(留言 | 贡献) | Uploaded a work by Miroslav Kutsev from Miroslav Kutsev with UploadWizard |
您不可以覆盖此文件。
文件用途
以下6个页面使用本文件:
全域文件用途
以下其他wiki使用此文件:
- az.wikipedia.org上的用途
- ca.wikipedia.org上的用途
- de.wikipedia.org上的用途
- en.wikipedia.org上的用途
- eo.wikipedia.org上的用途
- es.wikipedia.org上的用途
- et.wikipedia.org上的用途
- fa.wikipedia.org上的用途
- fi.wikipedia.org上的用途
- fr.wikipedia.org上的用途
- he.wikipedia.org上的用途
- hr.wikipedia.org上的用途
- hu.wikipedia.org上的用途
- it.wikipedia.org上的用途
- ja.wikipedia.org上的用途
- kk.wikipedia.org上的用途
- lt.wikipedia.org上的用途
- lv.wikipedia.org上的用途
- ms.wikipedia.org上的用途
- nl.wikipedia.org上的用途
- no.wikipedia.org上的用途
- pt.wikipedia.org上的用途
- ro.wikipedia.org上的用途
- ru.wikipedia.org上的用途
- sr.wikipedia.org上的用途
- sv.wikipedia.org上的用途
- tg.wikipedia.org上的用途
- tk.wikipedia.org上的用途
- tl.wikipedia.org上的用途
- tr.wikipedia.org上的用途
- uz.wikipedia.org上的用途
- vi.wikipedia.org上的用途
- www.wikidata.org上的用途
- zh.wikipedia.org上的用途
元数据
此文件中包含有额外的信息。这些信息可能是由数码相机或扫描仪在创建或数字化过程中所添加。
如果文件已从其原始状态修改,某些细节可能无法完全反映修改后的文件。
相机制造商 | Canon |
---|---|
相机型号 | Canon EOS R |
作者 | Miroslav Kutsev |
著作权所有人 | Miroslav Kutsev |
曝光时间 | 1/125秒(0.008) |
光圈值 | f/13 |
感光度(ISO) | 160 |
数据生成日期时间 | 2021年6月13日 (日) 18:51 |
焦距 | 100 mm |
纬度 | 43° 43′ 34.78″ N |
经度 | 7° 24′ 43.57″ E |
压缩方案 | JPEG(旧) |
方位 | 标准 |
水平分辨率 | 300 dpc |
垂直分辨率 | 300 dpc |
使用软件 | Adobe Photoshop CC 2019 (Windows) |
文件修改日期时间 | 2021年6月15日 (二) 15:07 |
曝光程序 | 手动 |
Exif版本 | 2.31 |
数字化日期时间 | 2021年6月13日 (日) 18:51 |
APEX快门速度 | 6.9657842861166 |
APEX光圈 | 7.4008794430194 |
曝光补偿 | 0 |
最大陆地光圈 | 2.9708536585366 APEX (f/2.8) |
测光模式 | 中心加权平均测量 |
闪光灯 | 闪光灯开启、闪光灯强制开启 |
数据生成时间厘秒数 | 68 |
数字化时间厘秒数 | 68 |
色彩空间 | sRGB |
焦平面X分辨率 | 1,866.6666564941 |
焦平面Y分辨率 | 1,866.6666564941 |
焦平面分辨率单位 | 3 |
图像处理 | 标准处理 |
曝光模式 | 手动曝光 |
白平衡 | 自动白平衡 |
场景模式 | 标准 |
IIM 版本 | 4 |
使用的镜头 | EF100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM |
相机序列号 | 023021003788 |
首次摄影日期 | 2022年5月11日 (星期三) |
原始数据最后修改日期 | 2021年6月15日 (二) 21:07 |
分级(最高为5) | 1 |
原始文件唯一ID | 26E45794FE630305CCCC27F59C512EB3 |