File:Enlarged ceiling fracture (Sparks Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 4 (47334397132).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionEnlarged ceiling fracture (Sparks Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 4 (47334397132).jpg |
This cleft is in the limestone ceiling of Sparks Avenue, a tubular passage in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky - the longest cave on Earth. As of March 2019, 412 miles of cave passages have been explored and mapped. This feature formed by dissolutional enlargement of a fracture (joint) in the limestone. Dissolution principally occurred during high-flow events (floods), which result in slightly acidic water being forcefully infiltrated along a fracture. The rocks here are limestones of the Ste. Genevieve Limestone (upper Middle Mississippian). This portion of the Mammoth Cave system is at level D. A subterranean river used to flow through here. Locality: ceiling of Sparks Avenue (between River Hall and Mammoth Dome), Mammoth Cave National Park, western Kentucky, USA |
Date | |
Source | Enlarged ceiling fracture (Sparks Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 4 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/47334397132 (archive). It was reviewed on 13 October 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
13 October 2019
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current | 17:44, 13 October 2019 | 3,000 × 4,000 (6.38 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/2.8 |
ISO speed rating | 250 |
Date and time of data generation | 11:47, 10 March 2019 |
Lens focal length | 6.2 mm |
Width | 3,000 px |
Height | 4,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 12:30, 15 March 2019 |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 11:47, 10 March 2019 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 2.96875 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.904761905 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.517241379 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 08:30, 15 March 2019 |
Unique ID of original document | 6E02BDC5E1575B6014B58462E28E1CB9 |
IIM version | 2 |