File:Ferruginous sandstone (Newark Supergroup, Upper Triassic; Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, USA).jpg
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DescriptionFerruginous sandstone (Newark Supergroup, Upper Triassic; Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, USA).jpg |
English: Sandstone from the Triassic of Pennsylvania, USA. (public display, Geology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA)
Sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of loose sediments. Loose sediments become hard rocks by the processes of deposition, burial, compaction, dewatering, and cementation. There are three categories of sedimentary rocks: 1) Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments produced by weathering & erosion of any previously existing rocks. 2) Biogenic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments that were once-living organisms (plants, animals, micro-organisms). 3) Chemical sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments formed by inorganic chemical reactions. Most sedimentary rocks have a clastic texture, but some are crystalline. Sandstones are the second-most common siliciclastic sedimentary rocks on Earth. They are composed of sand-sized grains - between 2 mm and 0.0625 mm in size. The vast majority are quartzose sandstones (see above photo), which are dominated by quartz sand - SiO2. Exceptionally pure quartz sandstone is called quartz arenite. Other categories of sandstone include feldspathic sandstone (dominated by K-feldspar sand - KAlSi3O8) and lithic sandstone (dominated by sand grains composed of rock fragments). Sandstones vary in color & coarseness. Common sandstone colors are brownish, grayish, reddish, orangish-brown, and whitish. Coarse-grained sandstones will feel the roughest when rubbed with a finger. Fine-grained sandstones are far less gritty feeling. Some sandstones are hard, dense, and tight, which is the result of mineral cement (usually quartz) completely filling the spaces between grains. Many sandstones still have significant porosity between sand grains. Moderately- to poorly-cemented sandstones often have their porosity filled with groundwater, crude oil, natural gas, or a combination of these three fluids. Sandstones have significant environmental and economic importance in human society. Many groundwater aquifers consist of sands or sandstones. Many petroleum fields have sandstones as the dominant reservoir rocks for oil & natural gas. Well-cemented sandstone is one of many types of building stone used around the world. The reddish-brown coloration of this sample is from iron oxide cement between the sand grains. The rock is from an extensive terrestrial redbed succession of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic age that fills old rift valleys in Pennsylvania and adjacent states in eastern America. The rift basins formed when the ancient Pangaea supercontinent attempted to break apart, but failed. A successful breakup of Pangaea occurred during the Jurassic. This specimen comes from Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, which was a former site of building stone quarrying. The quarry rocks were nicknamed "Hummelstown Brownstone". Stratigraphy: unrecorded/undisclosed, but possibly from the upper sandstones of the Gettysburg Shale, Newark Supergroup, Upper Triassic Locality: unrecorded/undisclosed site (possibly from a building stone quarry) at or near Hummelstown, southern Dauphin County, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA For more info., see: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Supergroup |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/41694132791/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/41694132791. It was reviewed on 10 August 2021 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
10 August 2021
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current | 15:45, 10 August 2021 | 2,273 × 1,665 (3.71 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/41694132791/ with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/14 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 15:49, 24 March 2018 |
Lens focal length | 18.6 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 19:09, 24 April 2018 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 15:49, 24 March 2018 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 7.625 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.59375 APEX (f/4.91) |
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Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Portrait |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 15:09, 24 April 2018 |
Unique ID of original document | EC7306F1C72E1C884CE120D69CA1E155 |