File:Fimmu-14-1145145-g001.jpg
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DescriptionFimmu-14-1145145-g001.jpg |
English: Figure 1 Summary of antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis and biologics treatments. Antiphospholipid antibodies, produced by B cells, bind to open and immunogenic β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) on the surface of endothelial cells. This leads to the activation of various target cells, such as complement cells, platelets, monocytes (including macrophages that secrete TNF-α), and neutrophils (which release neutrophil extracellular traps [NETosis]). Moreover, it upregulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, ultimately resulting in thrombosis. Several biologics have been developed to target various factors involved in this process. These include a complement 5 inhibitor (eculizumab), a type I anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab), a type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (obinutuzumab), a B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor (belimumab), an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (daratumumab), anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibodies (adalimumab and certolizumab), and a bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor (zanubrutinib, which is currently being investigated in clinical trials). |
Date | |
Source | https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145145/full |
Author | Zelin Yun,Lizhi Duan,Xiangjun Liu,Qingmeng Cai,Chun Li |
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current | 23:08, 19 March 2024 | 3,506 × 2,478 (633 KB) | Ozzie10aaaa (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by Zelin Yun,Lizhi Duan,Xiangjun Liu,Qingmeng Cai,Chun Li from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145145/full with UploadWizard |
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Unique ID of original document | 0C0FC4EB6DB8F9C4C66B2BA3D5393EFA |
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Software used | Adobe Photoshop CC (Windows) |
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