File:Hydnoceras bathense (fossil glass sponges) (Chemung Group, Upper Devonian; Bath, New York State, USA) 3 (41120007222).jpg

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Hydnoceras bathense Hall & Clark, 1898 - fossil sponges from the Devonian of New York State, USA. (public display, Geology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA)

Sponges are sessile, benthic, filter-feeding organisms. They are not metazoan animals, as they lack organs or tissues - they are called parazoans. Sponges are essentially colonies of cells (the cells can live independently for short periods of time). Most sponges are marine, but some occupy freshwater environments.

Sponges construct organic or mineralized, multi-element skeletons. Individual pieces of a sponge skeleton are called spicules. The group first appears in the fossil record in the Neoproterozoic and extends to today, in the Holocene. Some sponges make skeletons composed of opal spicules (SiO2·nH2O - hydrous silica), while others are calcareous (calcite or aragonite) or make spicules of organic material (spongin - a tough, proteinaceous, organic compound).

Hydnoceras is a fossil glass sponge, a member of Class Hexactinellida. Glass sponges make a skeleton consisting of a network of opaline siliceous spicules (SiO2·nH2O). They occur in deep-water ocean environments today but occupied shallow water marine facies during the Paleozoic. All fossil and living hexactinellid sponges are sessile, benthic filter-feeding organisms.

Classification: Animalia, Porifera, Hexactinellida, Reticulosa, Dictyospongiidae

Stratigraphy: unrecorded/undisclosed formation in the Chemung Group, Upper Devonian

Locality: undisclosed/unrecorded locality at or near the town of Bath, Steuben County, western New York State, USA
Date
Source Hydnoceras bathense (fossil glass sponges) (Chemung Group, Upper Devonian; Bath, New York State, USA) 3
Author James St. John

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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/41120007222 (archive). It was reviewed on 7 December 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0.

7 December 2019

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current19:06, 7 December 2019Thumbnail for version as of 19:06, 7 December 20193,648 × 2,993 (6.72 MB)Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs)Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons

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