File:Karaman castle 4870.jpg
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[edit]DescriptionKaraman castle 4870.jpg |
English: Karaman Castle (named ‘Iç Kale’ = Inner Castle) was the citadel of the medieval city. It is built on a slightly elevated hill (maybe a ‘höyük’ = artificial mound, result of long-term human settlement). According to the scarce historical sources, it seems to have been built around the early 12th century (Seljuk era). It has nine towers (four circular and five square ones). Like most fortresses, it has been repaired many times –recent restorations took place in 1961, 1975 and from 2010 on. During Karamanoğlu rule, a double set of city walls were erected: ‘Orta Kale’ (Middle Castle) had two gates and 40 towers and encircled an area with Iç Kale in its very centre. One of those gates (Pazar Kapısı = Market Gate) survived and has been restored. The second city walls ‘Dış Kale’ (Outer Castle) were grand, stretching about 5 km; Evliya Çelebi (1611-1682), the famous Turkish writer/traveller, described them in 1648 as having “140 towers and 9 city gates”. Alas, almost nothing of these remains.
Source: ‘Karaman (Tarihi ve Kültürü)’ (Ilhan Temizsoy & M. Vehbi Uysal) – Konya 1981 . I was taking a rest outside the citadel, which was closed, when a garden worker kindly warned me that the major was visiting the citadel, together with a foreign delegation. So the gate would be opened. I just joined the group, took some pictures and had a short chat with the major, after I told a Dutch representative that in my guidebook there was a reference to medieval houses surrounding the citadel: they had obviously disappeared. Yes, the major explained, they had been demolished 20 years ago (the guidebook is very thorough, but indeed stems from the late 80’s). But he promised that the area near the citadel would be landscaped anew, giving it a more pleasant aspect. |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | Dosseman |
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current | 19:57, 26 December 2022 | 4,256 × 2,832 (6.84 MB) | Dosseman (talk | contribs) | Full size | |
11:05, 27 October 2020 | 1,600 × 1,065 (340 KB) | Dosseman (talk | contribs) | Uploaded own work with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D3 |
Exposure time | 1/1,000 sec (0.001) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 200 |
Date and time of data generation | 16:58, 13 September 2008 |
Lens focal length | 24 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 240 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 240 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS3 Windows |
File change date and time | 09:17, 12 October 2008 |
Exposure Program | Aperture priority |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 16:58, 13 September 2008 |
APEX shutter speed | 9.965784 |
APEX aperture | 6 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3 APEX (f/2.83) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTime subseconds | 41 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 41 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 41 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 24 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Image width | 4,256 px |
Image height | 2,832 px |
Serial number of camera | 2036041 |
Lens used | 14.0-24.0 mm f/2.8 |
Rating (out of 5) | 0 |
Date metadata was last modified | 11:17, 12 October 2008 |
IIM version | 4,310 |