File:Langs N.Amer.png

摘要[編輯]

File:Langs N.Amer.svg是本檔案的向量版本。 如果品質不低，就應該優先使用該檔案，而非PNG檔案。 File:Langs N.Amer.png → File:Langs N.Amer.svg 更多資訊請參閱Help:SVG/zh。 其他語言 Alemannisch ∙ Bahasa Indonesia ∙ Bahasa Melayu ∙ British English ∙ català ∙ čeština ∙ dansk ∙ Deutsch ∙ eesti ∙ English ∙ español ∙ Esperanto ∙ euskara ∙ français ∙ Frysk ∙ galego ∙ hrvatski ∙ Ido ∙ italiano ∙ lietuvių ∙ magyar ∙ Nederlands ∙ norsk bokmål ∙ norsk nynorsk ∙ occitan ∙ Plattdüütsch ∙ polski ∙ português ∙ português do Brasil ∙ română ∙ Scots ∙ sicilianu ∙ slovenčina ∙ slovenščina ∙ suomi ∙ svenska ∙ Tiếng Việt ∙ Türkçe ∙ vèneto ∙ Ελληνικά ∙ беларуская (тарашкевіца) ∙ български ∙ македонски ∙ нохчийн ∙ русский ∙ српски / srpski ∙ татарча/tatarça ∙ українська ∙ ქართული ∙ հայերեն ∙ বাংলা ∙ தமிழ் ∙ മലയാളം ∙ ไทย ∙ 한국어 ∙ 日本語 ∙ 简体中文 ∙ 繁體中文 ∙ עברית ∙ العربية ∙ فارسی ∙ +/−

 

該圖片為英文維基百科的特色圖片(Featured pictures)。它被認定為最佳圖像之一。 如果您覺得本檔案在維基共享資源上也堪稱特色，您可以自願提名它。 如果您還有可以在合適授權條款下發表的相似品質的圖像，歡迎您上傳、標註授權條款並提名之。

Distribution of North American language families north of Mexico

• Deutsch (German): Image:Langs_N.Amer_Deutsch.png
• español (Spanish): Image:Langs N.Amer espanol.png
• français (French): Image:Langs N.Amer fr.png

Info[編輯]

• created by en:User:ish ishwar in 2005, using the GIMP software
• released under CC-by-2.0

About sources[編輯]

Map redrawn and modified primary based on two maps by cartographer Roberta Bloom appearing in Mithun (1999:xviii–xxi). Incidentally, these maps are very derivative of the Driver map of the 1950s–60s (which means that, although published in 1999, it is not as up-to-date as one might think). The other main source used is the up-to-date and very well-done map found in Goddard (1996), which was revised as Goddard (1999). Essentially, Bloom's map was used for the projection and general outline of language borders while Goddard's maps were used to adjust Bloom's borders to reflect the more recent research.

Additional references include Sturtevant (since 1978), Mithun (1999:606–16), and Campbell (1997:353–76). Mithun and Campbell have several maps based on the maps found in Sturtevant (since 1978) and Bright (1992).

Mithun, M. (2001年) 《 The Languages of Native North America》、​Cambridge Language Surveys、​Cambridge University Press 國際標準書號： 978-0-521-29875-9.

About map content[編輯]

• Map delineates each language family in a unique color.
• Language isolates are all in dark grey, e.g. Chitimacha (#7) is an isolate in Louisiana. This is not meant to imply any relationship among them whatsoever. All isolates are assigned a number and listed on the right side of map.
• Unclassified languages (i.e. #1 Beothuk, #4 Calusa, #8 Adai, #10 Karankawa, #12 Aranama, #15 Solano, #19 Esselen, #26 Cayuse) are in light grey and are also assigned a number and listed with the isolates on the right. (Unclassified languages in the case of North America are unclassified because there is not sufficient data to determine genealogical relationship.)
• Areas in white are either
  1. uninhabited (in Alaska, Canada, Greenland),
  2. unknown (due to early extinction and little or no data; this is mostly in the East), or
  3. outside of subject area (in Mexico). (note that Seri (#17) is included because it is usually considered part of the Southwest culture area and also included in various Hokan phylum proposals.)
• This is a historical map: Although most languages are still spoken in North America, the extent of their distribution has been profoundly affected by European contact — many languages have become extinct (sometimes including even the peoples). (See Endangered language.)
• Language areas are those at earliest time of European contact, as far as can be determined. Since contact occurred at different times in different areas, no historical Native American maps of the entire continent are of a single time period.
• Language areas are not as well-defined as this map would suggest: borders are often fuzzy and arbitrary and the entire language area may not be fully occupied by language speakers.
• Na-Dene here is Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit, excluding Haida (#28).
• The following groupings are disputed by some (or are considered not fully demonstrated):
  1. Plateau Penutian (aka Shahapwailutan) = Klamath-Modoc (isolate) + Molala (isolate) + Sahaptian (family). Sometimes Cayuse (#26) is included in Plateau Penutian, but this language is not very well documented and is now extinct. Thus, it is considered unclassified here.
  2. Yuki-Wappo = Yuki (isolate) + Wappo (isolate).

To do[編輯]

• translation into Spanish & other languages
• extend Mexico coverage (for Comecrudo)?

Links[編輯]

You might want to compare this map with these two older (1967) maps of only the USA:

• Image:Early Indian Languages Alaska.jpg
• Image:Early Indian Languages USA.jpg

There is also an Inuktitut dialect map in Wikipedia:

• Image:Inuktitut dialect map.png

Be sure to check out the beautiful work of Mutur Zikin (www.muturzikin.com):

• Distribution Linguistique Aux Étas-Unis Et Canada (in English, Basque, French, Spanish)
• Distribution Linguistique En Amérique Latine (in English, Basque, French, Spanish)

Looking for more maps of South America? Go here:

• Promotora Española de Lingüística: Lenguas Amerindias (in Spanish)

A (older) map of Mexico (provided by the University of Texas):

• Map itself: www.lib.utexas.edu/../aboriginal_map.jpg (in English)
• Text accompanying map: www.lib.utexas.edu/../aboriginal_languages_txt.jpg (in English)

Some pages in Wikipedia:

• Classification schemes for indigenous languages of the Americas (in English)
• Indigenous languages of the Americas (in English)
• Mesoamerican languages (in English)
• Languages of Peru (in English)
• Category: Indigenous languages of the Americas (in English)
• Indigene amerikanische Sprachen (in German)
• Lenguas amerindias (in Spanish)
• Langues amérindiennes (in French)

Some other sites on American languages (in English):

• The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas
• The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America archive copy at the Wayback Machine
• Native Languages of the Americas

You might also be interesting in:

• the Aboriginal Mapping Network (in English)

Other maps in this series[編輯]

These other maps of single families are generated from the main map above.

• Adai
• Algic - Algisch - algiques
• Alsean - Alsea - alséannes
• Atakapa
• Beothuk - béothuk
• Cayuse
• Chimakuan
• Chimariko
• Chinookan - Chinook
• Chitimacha
• Chumashan - Chumash
• Coahuilteco
• Cotoname
• Eskimo-Aleut - Eskimo-Aleutisch - eskimo-aléoutes
• Esselen
• Haida
• Karankawa
• Karuk - Karok
• Keresan - Keres
• Kiowa-Tanoan
• Kutenai
• Muskogean - Muskogee
• Na-Dene - na-déné
• Natchez
• Salishan - Salish
• Utian - Uti
• Yokutsan - Yokut - yokuts

Bibliography[編輯]

• Bright, William (Ed.). (1992). International encyclopedia of linguistics (Vols. 1-4). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. 國際標準書號 0-19-509427-1.
• Driver, Harold E. (1969). Indians of North America (2nd rev. ed.). Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Original work 1961).
• Goddard, Ives. (1996). Native languages and language families of North America [Map]. In I. Goddard (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17). (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. 國際標準書號 0-1604-8774-9.
• Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institute). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). 國際標準書號 0-8032-9271-6.
• Krauss, Michael. (1982). Native peoples and languages of Alaska (rev. ed.). [Map]. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center. 國際標準書號 0-933769-00-8.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 國際標準書號 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); 國際標準書號 0-521-29875-X.
• Powell, John W. (1891). Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology (pp. 1-142). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted in P. Holder (Ed.), 1966, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages by Franz Boas and Indian linguistic families of America, north of Mexico, by J. W. Powell, Lincoln: University of Nebraska).
• Sebeok, Thomas Albert (Ed.). (1973). Current trends in linguistics: Linguistics in North America (Vol. 10, Pts. 1-2). The Hague: Mouton.
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vols. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).

Thank You[編輯]

Thanks goes to:

• User:Mark Dingemanse for creating his lingustic maps of Africa which inspired me to create this one
• en:User:Wapcaplet for helpful suggestions concerning form
• User:Vlad2i for kindly providing the Français translation
• de:Benutzer:Napa for kindly providing the Deutsch translation
• en:User:kwamikagami for helpful suggestions concerning classification, content, and form
• en:User:Deglr6328 for helpful suggestions concerning accessibility issues involving viewers with color blindness

授權條款[編輯]

此檔案採用創用CC 姓名標示 2.0 通用版授權條款。

您可以自由：

• 分享 – 複製、發佈和傳播本作品
• 重新修改 – 創作演繹作品

惟需遵照下列條件：

• 姓名標示 – 您必須指名出正確的製作者，和提供授權條款的連結，以及表示是否有對內容上做出變更。您可以用任何合理的方式來行動，但不得以任何方式表明授權條款是對您許可或是由您所使用。

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0CC BY 2.0 Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 truetrue