File:Natural arch developed in chalk & impure chalk (Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Formation, Upper Cretaceous; Monument Rocks, Kansas, USA) 26.jpg
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DescriptionNatural arch developed in chalk & impure chalk (Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Formation, Upper Cretaceous; Monument Rocks, Kansas, USA) 26.jpg |
English: Natural arch developed in chalk & impure chalk in the Cretaceous of Kansas, USA.
This western Kansas landscape consists of chalk badlands and chalk pillars and a natural arch. The rocks are chalks and impure chalks (e.g., argillaceous chalk and chalky shale) that range in color from whitish to light gray to yellowish. Chalk is a biogenic, calcitic, marine sedimentary rock composed of numerous coccolith microfossils (see: www.soes.soton.ac.uk/staff/tt/eh/pics/lith2.gif). Coccoliths are individual calcareous plates that covered a single-celled photosynthetic marine organism called a coccolithophorid (a.k.a. coccolithophore) (see: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Emiliania_hux...). These beds were deposited in the ancient Western Interior Seaway, a section of ocean that existed during parts of the Mesozoic Era in what is now the American and Canadian Great Plains. Rock arches are rare erosional features - those developed in chalk beds are even rarer. If a stream goes under an arch, it is known as a natural bridge. If no stream is present, the feature is a natural arch. Along lakeshores, they are called lake arches. Along oceanic coastlines, they are called sea arches. The highest concentration of natural arches on Earth is Arches National Park in eastern Utah. Stratigraphy: Smoky Hill Chalk Member (a.k.a. Smoky Hills Member), Niobrara Formation, mid-Upper Cretaceous Locality: Monument Rocks (also known as the Chalk Pyramids), along Gove County Road 16, north of the Smoky Hill River, Gove County, western Kansas, USA (38° 47' 43.24" North latitude, 100° 45' 52.06" West longitude) |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52460524305/ |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52460524305. It was reviewed on 31 October 2022 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
31 October 2022
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current | 19:21, 31 October 2022 | 3,000 × 4,000 (5.54 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/52460524305/ with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/200 sec (0.005) |
F-number | f/10 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 13:41, 19 May 2014 |
Lens focal length | 9.681 mm |
Width | 3,000 px |
Height | 4,000 px |
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Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 18.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 00:43, 24 October 2022 |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 13:41, 19 May 2014 |
Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 7.65625 |
APEX aperture | 6.65625 |
APEX exposure bias | 0.33333333333333 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.625 APEX (f/3.51) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Landscape |
Date metadata was last modified | 20:43, 23 October 2022 |
Unique ID of original document | 1C458741D55F54B7046C5BAC29843AF4 |
IIM version | 32,767 |