File:Sapphire (gem gravel mine, Ratnapura area, Sri Lanka) 2 (34726082111).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionSapphire (gem gravel mine, Ratnapura area, Sri Lanka) 2 (34726082111).jpg |
Blue corundum (sapphire) from Sri Lanka. (~1.65 centimeters tall) A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 5100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates. The oxide minerals all contain one or more oxide anions (O-2). The oxide minerals include species that are hydroxy-oxides. The hydroxide minerals (those with one or more OH-) are usually considered together with the oxides. Many sulfide minerals are not stable in Earth-surface conditions. In the presence of oxygen and moisture, sulfide minerals tend to tarnish or alter to oxides and hydroxy-oxides. All except the most inert elements (such as the platinum-group elements and gold and noble gases) readily form oxides. Gold oxide forms only under special conditions. Corundum is aluminum oxide - Al2O3. At H≡9, it is the hardest common mineral, apart from diamond. Corundum forms hexagonal crystals, which is evident even in many river-worn specimens. The hexagonal columns of corundum typically have well-developed flat tops & bottoms. These flat ends are not cleavage planes - corundum has no cleavage. The cleavage-looking flat tops & bottoms of corundum are called partings (pseudocleavage). Additional breakages will not be along planar surfaces. The color of corundum is variable - it can be any color, including plaid patterns. If transparent and relatively fracture-free & inclusion-free, corundum is said to be of gem-quality, and the color determines the name of the gem. deep red = ruby blue = sapphire pale red = sapphire pale green = sapphire purple = sapphire yellow = sapphire Sapphire covers the largest number of colors. Gemologists and gem dealers will often deceivingly use the term "oriental" in referring to non-blue colored sapphires. For example, "oriental amethyst" is purple corundum, "oriental topaz" is yellow corundum, "oriental emerald" is green corundum, etc. Black-colored corundum is often called emery. Corundum-rich rocks are also called emery, or corundite (<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/albums/72157646922258716">www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/albums/72157646922258716</a>). The cornflower blue-colored sapphire crystal shown above is from the famous gem gravels of Ceylon, off the southern tip of India. Locality: "gem gravels", unrecorded/undisclosed mine attributed to the Ratnapura area, Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, southern Ceylon (Sri Lanka) See locality info. at: <a href="https://www.mindat.org/loc-3147.html" rel="nofollow">www.mindat.org/loc-3147.html</a> Photo gallery of corundum and sapphire: <a href="http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=1136" rel="nofollow">www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=1136</a> and <a href="https://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3529" rel="nofollow">www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3529</a> |
Date | |
Source | Sapphire (gem gravel mine, Ratnapura area, Sri Lanka) 2 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/34726082111 (archive). It was reviewed on 30 November 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
30 November 2019
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current | 16:53, 30 November 2019 | ![]() | 863 × 1,140 (730 KB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/9 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 20:51, 23 May 2017 |
Lens focal length | 8.295 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 00:21, 24 May 2017 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 20:51, 23 May 2017 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 6.34375 |
APEX exposure bias | −2 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.34375 APEX (f/3.19) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Portrait |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 20:21, 23 May 2017 |
Unique ID of original document | 5C9C853871F0CEEEE0657B1B0648D418 |