File:Spectroscopy overview.svg
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[编辑]描述Spectroscopy overview.svg |
Català: Esquema de l'absorció de radiació electromagnètica.
English: An overview of electromagnetic radiation absorption. This example discusses the general principle using visible light as specific example. A white beam source -- emitting light of multiple wavelengths -- is focused on a sample (the complementary color pairs are indicated by the yellow dotted lines. Upon striking the sample, photons that match the energy gap of the molecules present (green light in this example) are absorbed in order to excite the molecule. Other photons transmit unaffected and, if the radiation is in the visible region (400-700nm), the transmitted light appears as its complementary color. By comparing the attenuation of the transmitted light with the incident, an absorption spectrum can be obtained. |
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来源 | 自己的作品 |
作者 | Jon Chui |
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This SVG file contains embedded text that can be translated into your language, using any capable SVG editor, text editor or the SVG Translate tool. For more information see: About translating SVG files. |
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White light is composed of continuous wavelengths of light in the visible region (400-700nm). Here we simplify its representation with discrete colors arranged in descending order wavelength (i.e., increasing energy). Polarization does not affect absorption and is not represented; complementary colors are denoted with yellow dotted lines.
"Beam source" generally indicates a broad spectrum light, e.g., from black-body radiation. Lasers are not within this scope as they are monochromatic (single wavelength).
Molecules have quantized energy levels, and photons have quantized energy. If the incoming photon has exactly the matching energy for the promotion of the molecule, the molecule would absorb the photon, and change state from the ground state to an excited state. The specific physical change depends on the radiation.
Light in the visible region induces electronic excitation (rearrangement of electron clouds).
This applies only for visible light - the removal of a color results in the beam appearing as its complementary color. Here, the removal of green within the red-green pair gives the transmitted beam a red color.
Note that absorptions always has a non-zero line-width despite the quantized nature of light and matter. This is discussed in the article on line broadening.
A spectrum is effectively a (continuous) histogram describing the composition of light. A spectrum can be represented as a transmission spectrum (shown in gray) where the y-axis shows the photon count of transmitted light, or an absorption spectrum (magenta) where the attenuation is plotted. The former is commonly used in infrared/microwave spectroscopy, and the latter in UV-Vis and NMR.
Historically a detector is an optical device where the beam is split (by a diffraction grating or prism) and captured on a photographic plate. Modern spectroscopy usually uses a CCD array in conjunction with digital electronics.
In the laboratory, this is commonly a sample containing an analyte dissolved in a solvent. Spectroscopy is a general technique - an example on the astronomical scale would involve a star as the "beam source", a planet as the "sample", and a telescope-CCD array as the detector, with interstellar space between each. The concepts and principles remain the same.
Despite the quantized nature of light and matter, absorptions are broad and never of zero line-width. This phenomenon is explained in the article on line broadening.
根据最有价值图像标准,这张图像被评定为在Overview of Absorption Spectroscopy范畴内最有价值的共享资源图像。你可以在Commons:Valued image candidates/Spectroscopy overview.svg参看它的提名。 |
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2020年10月20日 (二) 20:03 | 760 × 303(2.48 MB) | Gabriel Werister(留言 | 贡献) | File uploaded using svgtranslate tool (https://svgtranslate.toolforge.org/). Added translation for pt. | ||
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2011年2月3日 (四) 06:48 | 760 × 303(2.63 MB) | Jkwchui(留言 | 贡献) | Replaced text paths with (real) text, saved under Inkscape to see if fonts can be preserved here. | ||
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2011年1月11日 (二) 07:43 | 660 × 303(1.75 MB) | Jkwchui(留言 | 贡献) | {{Information |Description={{en|1=General overview of spectroscopy, illustrating processes of emission, absorption, transmission, and detection.}} |Source={{own}} |Author=Jkwchui |Date=2011-01-08 |Permission= |other_versions= }} [[Catego |
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