File:Karaman castle 2240.jpg
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![File:Karaman castle 2240.jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Karaman_castle_2240.jpg/800px-Karaman_castle_2240.jpg?20221226195611)
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Karaman castle
Summary
[edit]DescriptionKaraman castle 2240.jpg |
English: Karaman Castle (named ‘Iç Kale’ = Inner Castle) was the citadel of the medieval city. It is built on a slightly elevated hill (maybe a ‘höyük’ = artificial mound, result of long-term human settlement). According to the scarce historical sources, it seems to have been built around the early 12th century (Seljuk era). It has nine towers (four circular and five square ones). Like most fortresses, it has been repaired many times –recent restorations took place in 1961, 1975 and from 2010 on. During Karamanoğlu rule, a double set of city walls were erected: ‘Orta Kale’ (Middle Castle) had two gates and 40 towers and encircled an area with Iç Kale in its very centre. One of those gates (Pazar Kapısı = Market Gate) survived and has been restored. The second city walls ‘Dış Kale’ (Outer Castle) were grand, stretching about 5 km; Evliya Çelebi (1611-1682), the famous Turkish writer/traveller, described them in 1648 as having “140 towers and 9 city gates”. Alas, almost nothing of these remains.
Source: ‘Karaman (Tarihi ve Kültürü)’ (Ilhan Temizsoy & M. Vehbi Uysal) – Konya 1981 . |
Date | |
Source | Own work |
Author | Dosseman |
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 19:56, 26 December 2022 | ![]() | 4,256 × 2,832 (7 MB) | Dosseman (talk | contribs) | Full size |
11:05, 27 October 2020 | ![]() | 1,600 × 1,065 (287 KB) | Dosseman (talk | contribs) | Uploaded own work with UploadWizard |
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Metadata
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Camera manufacturer | NIKON CORPORATION |
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Camera model | NIKON D3 |
Author | DICK OSSEMAN |
Copyright holder |
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Exposure time | 1/200 sec (0.005) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 800 |
Date and time of data generation | 17:05, 17 December 2010 |
Lens focal length | 24 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Windows) |
File change date and time | 20:50, 26 December 2022 |
Exposure Program | Aperture priority |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 17:05, 17 December 2010 |
APEX shutter speed | 7.643856 |
APEX aperture | 6 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3 APEX (f/2.83) |
Subject distance | 4,294,967,295 meters |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire |
DateTime subseconds | 89 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 89 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 89 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 24 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | Low gain up |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
Serial number of camera | 2036041 |
Lens used | 24.0-70.0 mm f/2.8 |
Rating (out of 5) | 0 |
Date metadata was last modified | 21:50, 26 December 2022 |
Unique ID of original document | C821F466D10DCF83F51720B5AB935750 |
IIM version | 47,725 |
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17 December 2010
0.005 second
24 millimetre
800
image/jpeg
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