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The special Vedic signs “jihvamuliya” and “upadhmanya” are formatting control characters which mark velar /x/ and bilabial /ɸ/ voiceless fricatives occurring only before unaspirated /k/ and aspirated /kʰ/ unvoiced velar stops:
Vedic sign Yajurvedic “midline svarita”, overlaid (some fonts or renderers may position it incorrectly, too much on the right), used predominantly in the Maitrayani Samhita and in some manuscripts of the Vajasaneyi Madhyandina Samhita:
Vedic signs “visarga anudatta”, and “visarga anudatta with tail”, and “reversed visarga udatta”, combining on the left (some fonts or renderers may position them incorrectly, too much on the right):
Vedic signs “ardhavisarga” (or “vaidika anusvaara ttha-sadrisha”, “vaidika jihvaamuuliiya upadhmaaniiya”) and “rotated ardhavisarga”: consonant letters which denote the sounds “jihvamuliya” and “upadhmaniya” (velar /x/ and bilabial /ɸ/ voiceless fricatives) in Sanskrit; their use is not limited to Vedic: