File:Medieval bulla (FindID 608102).jpg
Original file (1,139 × 614 pixels, file size: 156 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Captions
Summary
[edit]Medieval bulla | |||
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Photographer |
Norfolk County Council, Erica Darch, 2014-06-09 16:34:28 |
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Title |
Medieval bulla |
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Description |
English: Medieval papal bulla of uncertain date. The bulla has been worn on both faces but, sadly, most severely on the obverse, making it almost impossible to see the name of the issuing pope. The reverse design of medieval bullae remained the same from those of Paschal II (1099-1118) until Paul II (1464-71), that is depicting the heads of SS Paul and Peter within pelleted aureoles, with a cross in between and the legend SPASPE above. The reverse die was retained by successive popes, being changed only occasionally, and so it is impossible to date a bulla accurately on the basis of the reverse only. However, the reverse die used on this bulla features a more angular aureole to the upper left of St Peter. This can be observed on bullae from the first half of the twelfth century until apparently changed for a new reverse die under Alexander III (1254-61).
The obverse requires orientation by comparison with the reverse, and preserves only the faintest traces of lettering elements, most prominently an open V-shape on what must have been the top line of the legend. The faint curve of what at some angles of raking light is possibly the top serif of an S is at the left-hand side of the second line. However, this would not fit with the letter combinations of any possible papal candidates, and it would instead have to represent to top serif of a more open letter such as a G for Eugenius III (1145-53) or a C for Lucius III (1181-5). Given the open shape of the V surviving, its wedge-shaped stroke and the limited letter combinations of popes using bullae with the angle aureole around St Peter the most likely identification is that this represents a bulla of Lucius III. As such, this represents a relatively rare bulla, being only the third recorded in the Diocese of Norwich. Weight 35.932g. The orientation of obverse and reverse dies cannot be determined due to wear. |
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Depicted place | (County of findspot) Norfolk | ||
Date |
between 1100 and 1261 date QS:P571,+1500-00-00T00:00:00Z/6,P1319,+1100-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1261-00-00T00:00:00Z/9 |
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Accession number |
FindID: 608102 Old ref: NMS-02B197 Filename: 59772_02B197_MED_Bulla.jpg |
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Credit line |
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Source |
https://finds.org.uk/database/ajax/download/id/471895 Catalog: https://finds.org.uk/database/images/image/id/471895/recordtype/artefacts archive copy at the Wayback Machine Artefact: https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/608102 |
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Permission (Reusing this file) |
Attribution-ShareAlike License |
Licensing
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File history
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 00:48, 22 January 2017 | 1,139 × 614 (156 KB) | Fæ (talk | contribs) | Portable Antiquities Scheme, NMS, FindID: 608102, medieval, page 1385, batch count 1179 |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | NIKON |
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Camera model | COOLPIX P6000 |
Exposure time | 1/288 sec (0.0034722222222222) |
F-number | f/5.7 |
ISO speed rating | 64 |
Date and time of data generation | 09:31, 23 May 2014 |
Lens focal length | 6 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 300 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 300 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 10.0 Windows |
File change date and time | 09:53, 23 May 2014 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 09:31, 23 May 2014 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 4 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.7 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.9 APEX (f/2.73) |
Metering mode | Spot |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Manual white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 0 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 28 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |
GPS tag version | 0.0.2.2 |
Width | 2,848 px |
Height | 1,536 px |
Pixel composition | RGB |
Number of components | 3 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 1,139 px |
Image height | 614 px |
Bits per component |
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Date metadata was last modified | 10:53, 23 May 2014 |
Unique ID of original document | xmp.did:B981A8CC52E2E311975A88895363A596 |
IIM version | 18,789 |