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English: Alexander Henry Haliday 1857 Review Zoonomische briefe : allgemeine darstellung der Thierischen Organisation Von Dr. Hermann

Page 70 Burmeister, Professor der Zoologie zu Halle Notes 1.Transcendentalism is a group of ideas in literature and philosophy that developed in the 1830s and '40s as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was the belief in an ideal spirituality that "transcends" the physical and empirical and is realized only through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.

2.Rank-based and phylogenetic nomenclature differ in philosophical outlook. Rank-based nomenclature is linked to classification: it starts with the known species (or subspecies or varieties or even individuals), waits for an act of classification to group them into larger taxa, and then asks how to name these taxa. Phylogenetic nomenclature, on the other hand, starts with the phylogenetic tree of life (as hypothesized by the science of phylogenetics) and asks how and where to tie labels to its branches Furthermore, phylogenetic nomenclature follows the nomenclature in other sciences in trying to define its terms as precisely as possible, while rank-based nomenclature deliberately keeps its definitions incomplete for example, Principle 2 of the ICZN is "Nomenclature does not determine the inclusiveness or exclusiveness of any taxon". This is the result of a third philosophical difference: users of rank-based nomenclature commonly start from a name and ask for its meaning (in other words: which taxon the name should be applied to), while users of phylogenetic nomenclature tend to start from a clade and ask what to call it.