File:Operation IceBridge Turns Five (15363523929).jpg
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DescriptionOperation IceBridge Turns Five (15363523929).jpg |
In May 2014, two new studies concluded that a section of the land-based West Antarctic ice sheet had reached a point of inevitable collapse. Meanwhile, fresh observations from September 2014 showed sea ice around Antarctica had reached its greatest extent since the late 1970s. To better understand such dynamic and dramatic differences in the region's land and sea ice, researchers are travelling south to Antarctica this month for the sixth campaign of NASA’s Operation IceBridge. The airborne campaign, which also flies each year over Greenland, makes annual surveys of the ice with instrumented research aircraft. Instruments range from lasers that map the elevation of the ice surface, radars that "see" below it, and downward looking cameras to provide a natural-color perspective. The Digital Mapping System (DMS) camera acquired the above photo during the mission’s first science flight on October 16, 2009. At the time of the image, the DC-8 aircraft was flying at an altitude of 515 meters (1,700 feet) over heavily compacted first-year sea ice along the edge of the Amundsen Sea. Since that first flight, much has been gleaned from IceBridge data. For example, images from an IceBridge flight in October 2011 revealed a massive crack running about 29 kilometers (18 miles) across the floating tongue of Antarctica's Pine Island Glacier. The crack ultimately led to a 725-square-kilometer (280-square-mile) iceberg. In 2012, IceBridge data was a key part of a new map of Antarctica called Bedmap2. By combining surface elevation, ice thickness, and bedrock topography, Bedmap2 gives a clearer picture of Antarctica from the ice surface down to the land surface. Discoveries have been made in Greenland, too, including the identification of a 740-kilometer-long (460-mile-long) mega canyon below the ice sheet. Repeated measurements of land and sea ice from aircraft extend the record of observations once made by NASA’s Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite, or ICESat, which stopped functioning in 2009. In addition to extending the ICESat record, IceBridge also sets the stage for ICESat-2, which is scheduled for launch in 2017. Credit: IceBridge DMS L0 Raw Imagery courtesy of the Digital Mapping System (DMS) team/NASA DAAC at the National Snow and Ice Data Center More info: earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84549 earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84549 |
Date | |
Source | Operation IceBridge Turns Five |
Author | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from Greenbelt, MD, USA |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by NASA Goddard Photo and Video at https://flickr.com/photos/24662369@N07/15363523929. It was reviewed on 17 September 2016 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
17 September 2016
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This file is in the public domain in the United States because it was solely created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted". (See Template:PD-USGov, NASA copyright policy page or JPL Image Use Policy.) | ||
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current | 20:25, 17 September 2016 | 5,616 × 3,744 (13.47 MB) | Vanished Account Byeznhpyxeuztibuo (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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Metadata
This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.
Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon EOS 5D Mark II |
Author | John Arvesen |
Exposure time | 1/2,000 sec (0.0005) |
F-number | f/8 |
ISO speed rating | 400 |
Date and time of data generation | 17:42, 16 October 2009 |
Lens focal length | 28 mm |
Width | 5,616 px |
Height | 3,744 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 13:43, 14 October 2014 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exposure Program | Manual |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 17:42, 16 October 2009 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 11 |
APEX aperture | 6 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 1.75 APEX (f/1.83) |
Metering mode | Spot |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
DateTime subseconds | 93 |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 93 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 93 |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 3,849.2117888965 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 3,908.1419624217 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Manual white balance |
Scene capture type | Standard |
GPS tag version | 0.0.2.2 |
Serial number of camera | 820604629 |
Lens used | EF28mm f/1.8 USM |
Owner of camera | John Arvesen |
Date metadata was last modified | 09:43, 14 October 2014 |
Unique ID of original document | F7C5505B0BE6011B40A5626E7B7751CC |