File:Spoilers Activated on Landing, William P. Hobby Airport, Houston, Texas (16075468149).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionSpoilers Activated on Landing, William P. Hobby Airport, Houston, Texas (16075468149).jpg |
In aeronautics, a spoiler (sometimes called a lift dumper) is a device intended to reduce lift in an aircraft. Spoilers are plates on the top surface of a wing that can be extended upward into the airflow to spoil it. By so doing, the spoiler creates a controlled stall over the portion of the wing behind it, greatly reducing the lift of that wing section. Spoilers differ from airbrakes in that airbrakes are designed to increase drag without regard to affecting the lift, while spoilers reduce lift as well as increase drag. Spoilers fall into two categories: those that are deployed at controlled angles during flight to increase descent rate or control roll, and those that are fully deployed immediately on landing to greatly reduce lift ("lift dumpers") and increase drag. In modern fly-by-wire aircraft, the same set of spoilers serve in both functions. Spoilers are used by nearly every glider (sailplane) to control their rate of descent and thus achieve a controlled landing at a desired spot. An increased rate of descent can also be achieved by lowering the nose of an aircraft, but this would result in an excessive landing speed. Spoilers enable the approach to be made at a safe speed for landing. Airliners are almost always fitted with spoilers. Spoilers are used to assist descent to lower altitudes without picking up speed. Their use is often limited, however, as the turbulent airflow that develops behind them causes noise and vibration, which may cause discomfort to passengers. Spoilers may also be differentially operated for roll control instead of ailerons; Martin Aircraft was the first company to develop such spoilers in 1948. On landing, however, the spoilers are nearly always used at full effect to help slow the aircraft. The increase in form drag created by the spoilers directly assists the braking effect. However, the real gain comes as the spoilers cause a dramatic loss of lift and hence the weight of the aircraft is transferred from the wings to the undercarriage, allowing the wheels to be mechanically braked with less tendency to skid. (Reverse thrust is also often used to help slow the aircraft on landing.) In air-cooled piston engine aircraft, spoilers may be needed to avoid shock cooling the engines. In a descent without spoilers, air speed is increased and the engine will be at low power, producing less heat than normal. The engine may cool too rapidly, resulting in stuck valves, cracked cylinders or other problems. Spoilers alleviate the situation by allowing the aircraft to descend at a desired rate while letting the engine run at a power setting that keeps it from cooling too quickly. (This is particularly true for turbocharged piston engines, which generate higher temperatures than normally aspirated engines.) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_... |
Date | |
Source | Spoilers Activated on Landing, William P. Hobby Airport, Houston, Texas |
Author | Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA |
Camera location | 29° 38′ 27.77″ N, 95° 16′ 59.67″ W | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 29.641047; -95.283243 |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by Ken Lund at https://flickr.com/photos/75683070@N00/16075468149. It was reviewed on 4 December 2015 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-sa-2.0. |
4 December 2015
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current | 04:30, 4 December 2015 | 4,000 × 3,000 (2.18 MB) | INeverCry (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot SX280 HS |
Exposure time | 1/160 sec (0.00625) |
F-number | f/4.5 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 10:37, 10 January 2015 |
Lens focal length | 11.938 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
File change date and time | 10:37, 10 January 2015 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.3 |
Date and time of digitizing | 10:37, 10 January 2015 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 7.3125 |
APEX aperture | 4.34375 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 4.34375 APEX (f/4.51) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,393.442622951 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,393.442622951 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Custom process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
GPS tag version | 0.0.3.2 |
Rating (out of 5) | 0 |