Homo sapiens
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| Said to be the same as | human | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Taxon author | Carl Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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GND ID: 
Library of Congress authority ID: 
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID: 
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID: 
- English: Human
- Afrikaans: Mens
- Akan: Nipa
- العربية: إنسان
- مصرى: الانسان العاقل
- অসমীয়া: মানুহ
- Kotava: Ayik
- azərbaycanca: Homosapiens
- تۆرکجه: هوموساپین
- беларуская: Чалавек разумны
- беларуская (тарашкевіца): чалавек
- български: Човек
- भोजपुरी: होमो सैपियंस
- भोजपुरी: होमो सैपियंस
- বাংলা: মানুষ
- brezhoneg: Den
- bosanski: Čovjek
- català: Humà
- ᏣᎳᎩ: ᏴᏫ
- čeština: člověk
- чӑвашла: Ăс-тăнлă этем
- dansk: Menneske
- Deutsch: Mensch
- eʋegbe: Amegbetɔ
- Ελληνικά: Άνθρωπος
- Esperanto: Homo
- español: Ser humano
- eesti: Inimene
- euskara: Gizaki
- فارسی: انسان
- suomi: Ihminen, ihminen
- føroyskt: Menniskja
- français: Humain, Homme moderne, Homme, Homme anatomiquement moderne, Être humain
- Nordfriisk: Minsk
- Frysk: Minske
- galego: Homo sapiens sapiens
- Avañe'ẽ: Yvypóra
- עברית: בֶּן־אָדָם, הָאָדָם הַנָּבוֹן, אדם
- हिन्दी: मनुष्य
- hrvatski: Hodajući čovjek
- magyar: Ember
- հայերեն: բանական մարդ
- Bahasa Indonesia: Manusia
- íslenska: Maður
- italiano: essere Umano/Uomo
- 日本語: 人間, ヒト
- ქართული: გონიერი ადამიანი
- Taqbaylit: Afgan amasnag
- қазақша: Һомо Сапиенс
- ಕನ್ನಡ: ಮಾನವ
- 한국어: 사람(종)
- कॉशुर / کٲشُر: اِنسان
- kurdî: Miro/مرۆڤ، ئادهمیزاد, Mirov
- Latina: Homo
- Lëtzebuergesch: Mënsch
- Luganda: Omuntu kalimagezi
- lietuvių: Žmogus
- latviešu: Sapratīgais cilvēks
- Basa Banyumasan: Menungsa
- македонски: умен човек
- മലയാളം: മനുഷ്യന്
- मराठी: मानव
- مازِرونی: هومو ساپینس
- Nāhuatl: Tlācatl
- norsk bokmål: Menneske
- नेपाली: मान्छे
- Nederlands: Mens
- norsk: Arkaisk homo sapiens
- Diné bizaad: Diné
- polski: człowiek rozumny
- پنجابی: باشعور آدمی
- پښتو: لومړنی عصري انسان
- português: Humano
- Runa Simi: Runa
- română: Om
- русский: Человек разумный
- русиньскый: Чоловік розумный
- සිංහල: මිනිසා
- slovenčina: Človek
- slovenščina: Umni človek, Človek
- српски / srpski: Човек (Čovek)
- svenska: Människa
- Kiswahili: Binadamu
- தமிழ்: மனிதன்
- Tayal: cyoli’
- తెలుగు: మనిషి
- ไทย: มนุษย์/คน
- Tagalog: Tao
- Türkçe: İnsan
- татарча / tatarça: акыллы кеше
- татарча: акыллы кеше
- українська: Людина pозумна
- اردو: انسان
- Tiếng Việt: Người tinh khôn, Loài người
- 吴语: 智人
- 粵語: 智人
- 中文: 智人
- 中文（中国大陆）: 智人
- 中文（简体）: 智人
- 中文（臺灣）: 智人
- Mammal Species of the World (v3, 2005) link: Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758
- Fossilworks PaleoDB link: Homo sapiens Linnaeus 1758
- ITIS link: Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 (mirror)
- IUCN:
Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 (old web site) (Least Concern)
In taxonomy, Homo sapiens is the only extant human species. The name is Latin for "wise man" and was introduced in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus (who is himself also the type specimen).
Extinct species of the genus Homo include Homo erectus, extant during roughly 1.9 to 0.4 million years ago, and a number of other species (by some authors considered subspecies of either H. sapiens or H. erectus). H. sapiens idaltu (2003) is a proposed extinct subspecies of H. sapiens.
The age of speciation of H. sapiens out of ancestral H. erectus (or an intermediate species such as Homo antecessor) is estimated to have been roughly 315,000 years ago. Sustained archaic admixture is known to have taken place both in Africa and (following the recent Out-Of-Africa expansion) in Eurasia, between about 100,000 and 30,000 years ago.
The term anatomically modern humans (AMH) is used to distinguish H. sapiens having an anatomy consistent with the range of phenotypes seen in contemporary humans from varieties of extinct archaic humans. This is useful especially for times and regions where anatomically modern and archaic humans co-existed, for example, in Paleolithic Europe.
Earliest evidence for species[edit]
Homo Heidelbergensis, a likely precursor to H. sapiens, dating as far back as 800,000 years
Partial skull of early human, from Morocco, possibly 160,000 years old
Hofmeyr Skull, 35,000 years old, South Africa
Kow Swamp skull, 13-9,000 ya
16,000-14,000 ya
Archaeological eras[edit]
hand tool from Boxgrove, site of H. heidelbergensis, precursor to H. sapiens
Fossilized bones, in situ, archaeological site of the Lower Paleolithic Era
Stone tools from the Lower Paleolithic Era
Stone tool, Middle Paleolithic Era
Upper Paleolithic Era stone tools
Venus of Willendorf, early human art from the Upper Paleolithic
Cave painting of extinct species, Lascaux, from the Upper Paleolithic Era
Oil lamp from Lascaux cave site upper paleolithic, 17,000 ya
Spear thrower in form of a Mammoth (extinct species), Upper Paleolithic Era
Magdalenian Girl, Upper Paleolothic/Mesolithic era
stone tools from the Neolithic Era
Neolithic representational art
Neolithic stone shelter
Grave, from Old Neolithic Era
Inuit use of meteoritic Iron, by cold forging (hammering and stamping, no heat), prior to the Iron, Bronze or Copper Ages
pottery from 7,000 to 6,500 ya, late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
Copper Axe of Ötzi, Chalcolithic Era
Iron Age Celtic coinage
Iron Age weaponry
Broiler chicken, proposed by scientists in 2018 as the symbol for the Anthropocene Era, the current era when human modification of the environment has changed the planet. The chicken is the most populous bird on Earth, thanks to their breeding for food by humans.
Anatomical and behavioral features[edit]
These are images showing anatomical and behavioral features relatively unique to the human species, compared to other species.
Generalized anatomy (Pioneer 11 plaque)
Body, posed next to internal skeleton
Fingerprints, toeprints
Woman, man and child playing in water (sexual dimorphism, public nudity, water recreation)
Girl swimming (adaption to water in children)
Humans as natural climbers
Cat and human, showing sparse, thin body hair on humans, not found on most mammals or primates (behavior: domestication of animals for companionship)
Childbirth
Breastfeeding and mother-child bonding
Growth in childhood
Size differences
Reading aloud to children to spur literacy
Jesse Owens, track and field athlete (Behavior: athletic competition)
Arnold Schwarzenegger, bodybuilder (1974) (compare to female figure) (behavior: strength/muscle display)
female bodybuilder (compared to male figure, the similarities between genders at the extremes of physiques)
Albert Einstein (Behavior: science and mathematics)
Solving a Rubik's Cube (Behavior: spatial reasoning, problem solving)
Ishi, Native Californian, making fire with a firestick
Inscription of name of one of the predynastic rulers of Egypt, possibly the earliest recorded named human
Vessel with the name of one of the earliest rulers of Egypt, thus one of the earliest recorded human names (behavior: naming, record keeping)
Yurt interior (shelter)
Soldiers advancing through smoke of war (behavior: warfare)
"The Nightmare", artistic representation of sleep, and dreams (nightmares)
US representative Tammy Duckworth, in a wheelchair with prosthetic limbs (behavior: inclusion of the disabled in society)
US president George W. Bush extended family (behavior: strong extended family relations)
Aboriginal Australian playing the Didgeridoo, a musical instrument (Behaviors: musicality, body adornment)
Illustration of a native of Tasmania, where the entire native population was wiped out (Behavior: replacement by force of one group by another)
Auschwitz concentration camp inmate (Behavior: racial and tribal prejudice and genocide)
Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the surface of the Moon, in a space suit (Behaviors: technology and exploration)
German dictator Adolf Hitler, collage of photos from speeches (Behavior: oratory and exercise of political power)
Muhammad Ali, boxer (Behavior: sport fighting)
Vietnam war protest (Behavior: public gathering, public protest)
Woman praying, after placing offerings (Behavior: religion)
Musician Frank Zappa in concert, raising his middle finger, an obscene gesture for "fuck you" (Behavior: hand gestures, public performance)
Wedding ceremony, California, with audience, couple, and officiator, in a church (behavior: marriage rites)
Funeral (behavior: funerary rites)
Ossuary (behavior: care for human remains)
Gravesite for the unclaimed dead of the Jonestown Massacre (behavior: cults of personality)
direct eye contact with no threat response
kissing
Man smoking (old age. behavior: drug use)
Woman riding bicycle while using music player (behavior: inventions, multitasking)
Tool use
Reading
Inupiat family, Alaska. Clothing as adaptation to environment
Queen of England and her Consort (behavior: clothing as signifier of rank or title)
Woman wearing skin tight jeans (behavior: clothing and body language as signallers of sexuality)
Sexual intercourse between a man and a woman
Homosexuality
Dance
Gamelan (behavior: group musical performance in synchrony)
jewelry, body adornment
Agriculture
Ox driven plow (behavior: domestication of animals)
People on horseback (Behavior: use of animals for transport)
Chess (Games)
Tears (crying, emotion)
Meditation
Weaving, hand articulation (opposable thumbs)
Boys playing at having a car accident (behavior: play, mimicry of adult behaviors)
Spinner, textile factory (Behavior: involvement of children in economy)
Joker cosplayer (behavior: makeup and costumes, roleplaying)
Actors performing Romeo and Juliet (behavior: theatrical performance)
Classroom (Behavior: teaching, extrasomatic information)
Calligrapher (Behavior: writing)
Carnival, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Behavior: public festivals and celebrations)
Pyramids of Gizeh (Behavior: planning and coordination on large scale projects)
Worker and foreman at factory (Behavior: division of labor/specialized workers)
Printing plate for Ming Dynasty Chinese paper money (behavior: printing, money)
Cuneiform tablet (behavior: writing systems)
Hoover Dam (behavior: modifying the natural environment to provide for human needs)
video of work at communicating with dolphins (behavior: attempts to communicate with other intelligent creatures on Earth)
The Golden Record, now traveling in interstellar space (behavior: attempts to communicate with other intelligent beings in the universe)
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Scientific study of the species[edit]
Vitruvian man, by Leonardo da Vinci, an early study of human anatomy
Study of human muscles, by Vesalius, a pioneer in anatomy
Bernardino de Sahagún, considered the founder of modern anthropology, the study of humans
Linnaeus, the developer of binomial nomenclature for all life, and the Type Specimen for H. sapiens
Map of racial groupings. This method is no longer considered scientific, but was so at the time of its development
Prehistoric human migration, by Mitochondrial DNA variance
World population density
Effects of Humans on animal populations
Category:Homo sapiens.