English subtitles for clip: File:Hubblecast 93.webm
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1 00:00:00,836 --> 00:00:05,152 The Universe reveals itself in a multitude of colours. 2 00:00:05,852 --> 00:00:08,059 Even though Hubble can see a large part 3 00:00:08,059 --> 00:00:10,683 of the electromagnetic spectrum 4 00:00:10,858 --> 00:00:13,720 from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared 5 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:18,006 it still cannot see the whole cosmic kaleidoscope. 6 00:00:18,922 --> 00:00:22,361 So astronomers need different kinds of telescopes, 7 00:00:22,461 --> 00:00:25,092 both in space and on the ground, 8 00:00:25,092 --> 00:00:28,759 to fully unveil the mysteries of the Universe . . . 9 00:00:29,517 --> 00:00:32,034 . . . and Hubble plays a key role 10 00:00:32,034 --> 00:00:35,301 in this essential telescope teamwork. 11 00:00:53,167 --> 00:00:55,167 The Universe looks very different 12 00:00:55,167 --> 00:00:57,558 in the light of different wavelengths, 13 00:00:57,650 --> 00:01:02,293 and many scientific questions can only be answered 14 00:01:02,293 --> 00:01:06,654 by studying objects in specific parts of the spectrum. 15 00:01:08,752 --> 00:01:11,906 Modern telescopes are often built to study 16 00:01:11,906 --> 00:01:14,586 a very specific wavelength range 17 00:01:15,029 --> 00:01:18,101 a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum 18 00:01:18,151 --> 00:01:20,637 in which they are the experts. 19 00:01:21,515 --> 00:01:23,995 With the current state of technology, 20 00:01:23,995 --> 00:01:26,939 no telescope, not even Hubble, 21 00:01:26,959 --> 00:01:29,322 can see all wavelengths. 22 00:01:30,312 --> 00:01:34,182 Only by using data obtained with different telescopes 23 00:01:34,182 --> 00:01:38,378 can astronomers study the Universe in maximum detail. 24 00:01:40,286 --> 00:01:42,623 The history of galaxy formation 25 00:01:42,623 --> 00:01:44,968 and the chemical structure of galaxies 26 00:01:44,968 --> 00:01:48,288 are just two of the many astronomical puzzles 27 00:01:48,288 --> 00:01:51,688 that scientists would like to solve. 28 00:01:51,988 --> 00:01:54,601 Progress towards answers is only possible 29 00:01:54,601 --> 00:01:56,034 by mapping the emission 30 00:01:56,034 --> 00:01:58,596 coming from all the different players: 31 00:01:58,596 --> 00:02:01,209 stars, dust and gas. 32 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:05,898 Each one leaves its signature in different wavelengths. 33 00:02:07,779 --> 00:02:10,724 For instance, the same portion of space 34 00:02:10,724 --> 00:02:13,216 studied by Hubble can be observed 35 00:02:13,216 --> 00:02:15,353 by the instrumentation aboard 36 00:02:15,353 --> 00:02:18,010 the Chandra X-ray space observatory. 37 00:02:21,353 --> 00:02:23,780 Hubble and Chandra have teamed up 38 00:02:23,780 --> 00:02:25,855 many times in the past. 39 00:02:25,865 --> 00:02:27,987 An example is this image 40 00:02:27,987 --> 00:02:33,641 of the spiral galaxy ESO 137-001. 41 00:02:34,372 --> 00:02:36,187 Thanks to Hubble’s contribution, 42 00:02:36,287 --> 00:02:40,327 the stars and nebulae in the galaxy are made visible. 43 00:02:40,594 --> 00:02:42,397 Chandra, on the other hand, 44 00:02:42,397 --> 00:02:45,047 can show up the hot gas streams, 45 00:02:45,047 --> 00:02:49,279 as they are only visible in the X-ray part of the spectrum. 46 00:02:55,200 --> 00:03:00,000 But Hubble is not only working together with other space telescopes; 47 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:03,296 it also cooperates with ground-based ones — 48 00:03:03,621 --> 00:03:06,790 and while telescopes in orbit have the advantage 49 00:03:06,790 --> 00:03:10,014 of being immune to atmospheric turbulence, 50 00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:14,549 instrumentation on the ground can be continuously updated 51 00:03:14,599 --> 00:03:17,549 and often show a bigger field of view. 52 00:03:18,428 --> 00:03:22,000 A good example is ESO’s Very Large Telescope 53 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:26,481 on Cerro Paranal, in the Chilean Atacama desert. 54 00:03:35,438 --> 00:03:39,199 The galaxy cluster Abell 2744 55 00:03:39,199 --> 00:03:41,825 — nicknamed Pandora’s Cluster — 56 00:03:41,975 --> 00:03:45,685 was observed with these two very different eyes. 57 00:03:46,269 --> 00:03:50,033 The combined data showed that Pandora’s Cluster 58 00:03:50,033 --> 00:03:54,948 is in fact not one cluster, but the result of a pile-up 59 00:03:54,948 --> 00:03:58,564 of at least four separate galaxy clusters. 60 00:03:59,359 --> 00:04:03,199 Many requests for telescope time are to follow up 61 00:04:03,199 --> 00:04:06,352 studies of targets investigated previously: 62 00:04:07,752 --> 00:04:12,298 in 2015 astronomers combined older Hubble data 63 00:04:12,298 --> 00:04:16,577 with new observations from ESO’s Very Large Telescope. 64 00:04:17,372 --> 00:04:20,263 The latter had just been used to discover 65 00:04:20,263 --> 00:04:24,816 some previously unknown structures within the dusty disc 66 00:04:24,816 --> 00:04:29,591 surrounding the nearby young star AU Microscopii. 67 00:04:31,889 --> 00:04:35,133 Only on comparison with earlier Hubble images 68 00:04:35,133 --> 00:04:38,121 of the same object, was it discovered 69 00:04:38,121 --> 00:04:41,528 that the features on the disc had changed over time. 70 00:04:42,408 --> 00:04:46,296 It turned out that those ripples are actually moving 71 00:04:46,296 --> 00:04:48,271 — and very fast — 72 00:04:48,271 --> 00:04:51,864 a sign of something truly unusual going on, 73 00:04:51,864 --> 00:04:55,969 and still today an unsolved mystery. 74 00:04:59,137 --> 00:05:03,218 In the last twenty years the hunt for exoplanets 75 00:05:03,218 --> 00:05:05,815 has become a crucial and very prolific 76 00:05:05,815 --> 00:05:07,754 field of study in astronomy; 77 00:05:08,576 --> 00:05:12,852 a field in which almost all telescopes try to make their mark. 78 00:05:15,414 --> 00:05:17,967 For this hunt Hubble teamed up 79 00:05:17,967 --> 00:05:20,894 with the Spitzer infrared space telescope. 80 00:05:21,720 --> 00:05:25,856 Together they produced the largest comparative study 81 00:05:25,856 --> 00:05:30,356 ever of ten hot Jupiter-sized exoplanets. 82 00:05:35,998 --> 00:05:39,145 The multiple observations of their atmospheres 83 00:05:39,145 --> 00:05:42,000 allowed astronomers to extract the signatures 84 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:44,407 of various elements and molecules 85 00:05:44,507 --> 00:05:46,473 — including water — 86 00:05:46,473 --> 00:05:49,077 and to distinguish between cloudy 87 00:05:49,077 --> 00:05:51,881 and cloud-free exoplanets. 88 00:05:57,785 --> 00:06:00,945 Sometimes, more than two telescopes have to 89 00:06:00,945 --> 00:06:04,003 work together to achieve a common goal. 90 00:06:04,554 --> 00:06:08,042 To witness the earliest stages of a massive galaxy 91 00:06:08,042 --> 00:06:11,650 forming in the young Universe, astronomers used 92 00:06:11,650 --> 00:06:14,184 the power of four large telescopes: 93 00:06:14,184 --> 00:06:15,074 Hubble, 94 00:06:15,074 --> 00:06:16,099 Spitzer, 95 00:06:16,099 --> 00:06:18,668 ESA's Herschel Space Observatory 96 00:06:18,768 --> 00:06:21,837 and the Keck Observatory in Hawaii. 97 00:06:25,577 --> 00:06:29,032 Together the four telescopes observed the early growth 98 00:06:29,032 --> 00:06:34,471 of a galactic giant as it appeared eleven billion years ago, 99 00:06:34,471 --> 00:06:38,109 just three billion years after the Big Bang. 100 00:06:40,867 --> 00:06:44,529 The next big partner of Hubble will be the forthcoming 101 00:06:44,529 --> 00:06:49,186 NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. 102 00:06:49,386 --> 00:06:52,995 It is scheduled for launch in 2018. 103 00:06:54,776 --> 00:06:57,513 While Hubble can see ultraviolet, visible, 104 00:06:57,513 --> 00:06:59,726 and some infrared light, 105 00:06:59,926 --> 00:07:03,520 James Webb is specialised for the infrared. 106 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:05,955 With this capability it will be 107 00:07:05,955 --> 00:07:08,503 the perfect complement to Hubble. 108 00:07:09,532 --> 00:07:11,723 Together they will write another chapter 109 00:07:11,723 --> 00:07:16,071 in the story of successful telescope teamwork.