Arabic subtitles for clip: File:Ikusgela-Descartes.webm

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"Cogito ergo sum".

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"أعتقد ذلك، إذا كنت."

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وهي عبارة تكررت

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بمئات اللغات 
ومن مئات الفلاسفة

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كتبها
الفيلسوف ديكارت.

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لكن ما معناها بالضبط؟

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شكك ديكارت في
وجوده، وسأل نفسه:

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"كيف نعرف أننا موجودون؟"

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وبحسب الفيلسوف،

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فإن مجرد طرح هذا السؤال ، 
يثبت أننا موجودون بالفعل.

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فمن الضروري ان تكون الذات
المفكرة موجودة.

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في العديد من اللغات اسمه
ينطق ديكارت،

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لكن باللغة الباسكية يُنطق اسمه بـ

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"ديكاخدا".

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في معظم الأماكن اسمه
ينطق ديكارت.

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لكن من كان ديكارت؟ وما الذي دفعه؟

إلى طرح مثل هذه الأسئلة؟

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ولد ديكارت في عام 1596،

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في عائلة برجوازية فرنسية.

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دَرَسَ اللاهوت
والرياضيات،

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لكن في سن العشرين كان لديه بعض
الأحلام الملهمة والتي غيرت حياته على مرّ السنين:

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منذ ذلك الحين أصبحت مهمته، هي البحث
عن الحقائق التي من شأنها أن تواجهه،

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حتى لقب بالفيلسوف الحديث الأول.

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وأقترح ثورياً المنهج العلمي، 
ويعتبر الممثل الرئيسي للتيار

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الفلسفي المعروف بالعقلانية.

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ووفقاً لهذا التيار،

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فإن العقل هو المصدر الوحيد للمعرفة، باستثناء الحواس.

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ودافع عن عالمية العلم.

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والبحث عن قوانين لا تقبل الجدل كوسيلة للمعرفة،
والتي تعتبر عنصر أساسي لتنظيم العالم والمجتمع.

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في سن الخمسين ، نشر أكثر أعماله شمولاً،

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حول طريق الكلام عنه.

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ولكن لم يكن هذا عمله الوحيد، لأنه
كتب العديد من الكتب والأعمال الأخرى.

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والفكرة الرئيسية التي تطورت في
أعماله، هي ما يلي:

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1. الشك المنهجي.

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الشك المنهجي هو
طريقة الاقتراب من الواقع،

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وعلى الديكارتيين تبرير شكوكهم.

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وهذا يهدف إلى معرفة ما إذا كان هناك شيء ما
موجود لا يمكن الشك فيه.

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لكن لماذا التشكيك في كل شيء؟

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يوفر ديكارت ثلاثة
أسباب لتبرير الشك:

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الأول: الحواس لا يمكن الاعتماد عليها،
فهي تخدعنا أحياناً.

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الثاني:

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من الصعب التمييز 
بين الواقع والحلم.

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فكيف نعرف أن هذا،
ليس مجرد حلم؟

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والثالث:

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أن العقل أيضاً يخذلنا في بعض الأحيان

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ومن الممكن ان يكون شخص ما قد تلاعب بنا.

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ولكن ليس كل شيء يمكن أن يكون موضع شك.

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ولهذا السبب وضع ديكارت النقطة التالية:

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2. الطريقة الديكارتية.

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وفقا للفيلسوف،

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تحتاج المعرفة إلى بديهيات
لا جدال فيها، كما هو الحال في الرياضيات،

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من أجل التطوير
المعرفة حول تلك البديهيات.

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طريقة الوصول إلى هذه الحقائق أو
تسمى بديهيات الطريقة الديكارتية.

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تنقسم الطريقة إلى أربع قواعد أو خطوات،

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الخطوة الأولى: الدليل.

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To be able to take
something for granted,

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we have to confirm
it through evidence.

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To do this you have to
meet two preconditions:

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It has to be evident and
differentiated from other ideas.

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2nd step:

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Separation and analysis.

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It is necessary to
divide the problem or

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object of study into as
many sections as possible,

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to be able to understand and
work on each of its elements.

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3rd step: synthesis.

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We must reconstruct
the object of study,

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starting from the elements
that we have analyzed.

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We must sew together the elements
that we have separated to analyze,

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starting with the simplest ideas
to form increasingly complex ideas,

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creating new knowledge
that will be evident.

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4th step:

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The enunciation.

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It is necessary to recount
and reconsider the entire

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process, to check that we
have not forgotten anything.

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3. The substances.

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Descartes considered that reality
was made up of three substances.

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The first is called
cogito or res cogitans.

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I doubt that anything
really exists in that place,

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so there must be
something that I'm doubting,

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a thought, a substance.

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"I think;

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therefore I am."

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That is the first
truth and substance:

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the being who thinks.

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Once the existence
of the cogito has been

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demonstrated, Descartes
explains the existence of God.

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That who thinks is a
mortal and imperfect being,

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but it knows the idea
of ​​perfection and infinity:

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even if it is imperfect,

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it knows the perfection,

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it can understand it.

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For Descartes,

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this is proof of the
existence of God:

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Only a perfect and infinite being
can put those ideas in the mind.

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God is, therefore, res infinita,
and the second substance.

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If God exists, and if God
is perfect, that means that

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physical reality also exists.

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In fact, if there were
an evil genius who

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for example,
distorts the reality,

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Almighty God would be
stronger than the evil genius.

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So we can live in peace,

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God would not let the evil
genius deceive us easily.

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That physical reality is the
third substance, the res extensa.

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4. Dualism.

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Taking the explanation of substances as
a basis, Descartes reaches the conclusion

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that the mind and the human
body are two different realities.

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The mind is autonomous and is not
subject to anything that is material.

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Is the res cogitans,

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or the first substance.

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The body, however,

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It is part of the res extensa,
limited, changing and mortal.

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The human being is the
union of these two realities;

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These realities are independent,
but they interact with each other.

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This is, briefly, what Descartes
thought four centuries ago.

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But the same questions
he asked himself

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still awaken dozens
of thoughts or movies.

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Do we live in the Matrix?

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Is what we have
in front of us real?

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Descartes would
say that, indeed, it is.

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But remember,

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we can only know
it through the doubt.