English subtitles for clip: File:Ikusgela-Kant.webm

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Have you ever read this sentence?

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Maybe in a tattoo? Or maybe a wall at your college?

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It's not portuguese,

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neither Italian.

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It is Latin, and means the following:

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“dare to think!”

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It was the Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant who made the phrase known.

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And even if it's just a couple of words,

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perfectly reflect the basis of his ideology.

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According to Kant, autonomy is the factor that distinguishes the human being:

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your ability to think and make decisions for yourself.

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However, the human must dare.

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Dare, to stop being under the leadership of some other.

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Those who do not dare to think for themselves

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are called heteronomous humans.

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Those who are under the power of the orders and opinions of the tutors:

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under the power of the leaders or the Church, for example.

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But the process towards autonomy is not easy,

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and Kant finds two types of obstacles:

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On the one hand, the internal obstacles: cowardice, comfort, fear and doubt.

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And on the other, the exteriors:

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the imposition of tutors, and the lack of freedom and education.

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Therefore, to overcome obstacles,

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for Kant, it is essential to allow and support the public use of reason.

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This cluster of reflections

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are the perfect example of the essence of the Illustration.

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It is no coincidence, since the Illustration Kant's time.

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The Enlightenment is a cultural movement that developed between the 17th and 18th centuries,

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It understands the reason as the basis for the development of the human, and the humanity.

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It is also known as the Age of Lights.

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It was a time of radical change for Western countries.

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The models and values that until then were fundamental

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lost power,

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and new ones were strengthened.

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The social order of the bourgeoisie

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replaced the feudalism of kings and chieftains

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from Middle Ages.

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The development of the Industrial Revolution left in the background

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the importance of agriculture,

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and finally,

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science and reason largely seized

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the power to explain a world,

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something that previously belonged to the faith, and the Church.

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Immanuel Kant lived through the development of these changes.

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He was born in 1724 in Königsberg, the capital of what was known as Prussia.

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He studied Logic and Metaphysics,

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and was a professor for 40 years at the university in his hometown.

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his thinking is divided into two epochs.

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the Precritical period

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(until 1770);

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and the Critical period,

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which lasted from 1770 until his death.

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The thought developed in this second period

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marked a before and after in the evolution of Western philosophy.

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In the so-called Critical Period,

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Kant answered three questions.

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1- WHAT CAN I KNOW?

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The book "Critique of Pure Reason" is the search for that answer.

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In the 18th century, two philosophical currents predominated:

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rationalism and empiricism.

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To know the world, is it enough to examine it?

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Empiricism will say yes:

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in order to know the world you have to examine it,

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and that what cannot be examined, cannot be known.

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Rationalism, however, will affirm that we are born with ideas:

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examining the world is not enough.

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Much knowledge we have about the world

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comes from the very birth,

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they are impossible to test, but totally accurate.

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Kant broke with the tendency to oppose this two perspectives,

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saying that to get knowledge you need to mix both.

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But, what is the way to mix both?

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The so-called Kantian solution.

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In his words:

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All knowledge begins from and with experience,

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but not all knowledge arises out of experience.

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So, knowledge is born from the mixture of two elements.

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The first is the matter of knowledge:

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that is, the information that we can obtain through the senses.

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The second one, opposing,

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is the form of knowledge:

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humans, using intellect and reason,

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shape the information captured by the senses.

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Kant named the mixture of the two "the phenomenon."

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And that's our world,

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the only world we can know,

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full of phenomena.

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We cannot get to know what reality itself is like,

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because to know reality, first, we have to give it shape,

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first we have to make it knowable.

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Taking that into account, metaphysics cannot be considered a science,

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because his matter to deal with is the soul, God or the world in its entirety,

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and in all of them there is still no information that we can get from the senses.

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They are not phenomena that we can examine.

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2- WHAT SHOULD I DO?

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Kant's contribution to ethics

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it was as revolutionary as his Critique of Reason.

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According to him, all previously developed ethics

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determine what is good behavior through hypothetical orders:

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If you are looking for happiness, do this or do that.

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But according to Kant, our reasons

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must obey disinterested necessity

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to act morally.

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Kant called this obligation

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the categorical imperative.

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To get into it, he proposes two bases or foundations.

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Behave as if you want your behavior to become common law.

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Behave in such a way

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humanity is always the purpose and not an intermediary.

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For example:

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Let's say you are about to steal something, ask the following question in your head:

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could we make theft a common law?

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If the answer is negative,

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you know you shouldn't.

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The same happens with the second formulation:

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am I using someone else

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for satisfying my egoism?

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If the answer is yes, then, you shouldn't.

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Not even if that decision prevents you from being happy.

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Since for Kant,

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moral obligation is above happiness.

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3- WHAT CAN I EXPECT?

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Kant was from a faithful family,

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and he also dedicated a gap to faith in his latest works.

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Since God or the soul cannot be examined through the senses or the data,

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Kant positioned himself on the side of natural religion.

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He thought that religion doesn't need dogmas or the control of the Church,

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it should develop in oneself.

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According to him, true religion is in the hearts of humans,

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and morality is the only base capable of lighting the way.

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Our way of understanding the world and organizing humanity

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owes much to Kant's thought.

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Even so, we have to put a "but".

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Kant only granted the power to reason to men,

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and therefore, that of being autonomous.

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He called women "the beautiful sex."

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Even with that,

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wether you are man, woman or non-binary,

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the phrase from the first part of the video still stands:

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"sapere aude"

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Dare to think!

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Even to question Kant's thought.