File:Breeder and sportsman (1894) (20221368910).jpg

Title: Breeder and sportsman
Identifier: breedersportsma241894sanf (find matches)
Year: 1882 (1880s)
Authors:
Subjects: Horses
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : (s. n. )
Contributing Library: San Francisco Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: California State Library Califa/LSTA Grant

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364 ©lj£ gvee&ev atw gfpovt&maxu (April 21,1894 Animal Tuberculosis and its Relations to Pub- lic Health. By Pk.-i. Taos. Bowhiu , F. B.C. V.&, F. K. P. S. i l/,,.,_(>;iioioos are much divided regarding the danger at- tending the consumption of the llesh of tuberculous animals. It is couteuded bv souje that " human phthisis comes fre- quently from the butcher's stall/* that bovine tuberculosis is a disease â ' â¢" aud lhat the entire carcass ought to be condemned whenever a tuberculous lesion, no matter how circumscribed its apparent limits, is discovered in the body. Again, others maintain that only a small pro- portion of cases of human tuberculosis can, with any reason, be ascribed to infection through tuberculous flesh, that in the vast majority of cases, bovine tuberculosis is a local disease, and that the health of the public is sufficiently safe guarded when the visibly diseased parts and their lymph glands are withdrawn from consumption. The opinion that the consumption of tuberculous flesh is a main cause of human tuberculosis isuegatived by every con- sideration bearing on the point. 1. In the majority of cases of human tuberculosis the primary lesions are situated in the lungs or bronchial glands, 2. Countless experiments prove lha* such a localization of the lesions indicates unmistakably that the virus had pene- trated by tbe respiratory mucous membrane. 3. Even if bovine tuberculosis was stamped out of exist- ence, phthisis might continue to rank as the greatest scourge of the human race. Only those cases of tuberculosis in which tbe primary lesions are seated in the alimentary canals or its associated lymphatic glands, can reasonably be ascribed to infection by means of bacilli contained in ingesta, and indeed of this re- stricted list many cases are almost certainly due to ingestion ot bacilli that previously had a human beiog for a host. But admitting all this, the danger attending the use of tuberculous flesh is still to the human sanitarian a matter demanding careful consideration. McFadyean states if only 1 per cent of cases of tuberculosis in mau were caused by eating flesh from tuberculosis animals, it would still be the duly of medical men and veterinary surgeons to make every effort to render the transmission of the disease in lhat way impossible. Maov contend that in a large proportion of the cases of tuberculosis when the discoverable lesions are confined to one organ and its lymph glands, the bacilli are already distri- buted throughout the entire system by means of the blood stream Others again hold the opinion that bovine tubercu- losis, like actino-mycosis, is in the majority of cases a local disease, and that the entire system is contaminated with bacilli in only a small proportion of cases. Experiments with expressed muscle juice from tuberculous cases have been conducted by Bollinger, Xocard, Galtier and McFadyean. Bollinger found the juice non-infective in every case (12). Nocard found it infective once in 2i experiments. Galtier found it non-infective in every case (14). It will thus be seen that out of 72 carcasses experimented with, a positive re- sult was obtained in seven cases, and it is also noteworthy six of those cases occured in the bands of one investigator. To come to the conclusion that muscular infection took place in about 10 per cent, of all cases of apparently local tuberculosis would be somewhat premature until a larger number of experiments are conducted, and thus remove the doubt that some of the positive results obtained by Galtier were due to accidental infection. The International Congress for the study of tuberculosis held in Paris in 18SS, voted in favor of total seizure, and a similar resolution was almost unanimously passed by the International Veterinary Congress that met in the same city in 1889. The resolutions of 18SS and 18S9 are is keeping with the inspection made by i he Hebrews, who were and are still in advance of our present knowledge, and there is little doubt that the Talmud lays down rules regarding tubercular meats which are in advance of tbe boasted civilization of the present time, A Hebrew butcher in an English town was asked what he did with meats condemned by the rules of his religion. His answer came readily " Sold it to the I .entile.-. In meat as well as in other commodities, the Hebrew has the advantage of his Gentile neighbors. It is not the range cattle from which we get our tubercular meat in this State, it is the old-worn dairy cows, some of them hardly able to stand up, that are slaughtered for human food. It is reasonable to understand why range cattle are so healthy; it is their surroundings, healthy diet and above all a'liberal supply of fresh air. To understand the eflect out- door life has on tuberculosis, just consider that during five years one million and a half sheep were killed in Berlin and only one condemned for tubercle. I may state that dur- ing my inspectorship in San Francisco, I never seized a car- cess for tuberculosis amongst range cattle or sheep. The old dairy cows yielded enough without any outside assistance, and who knows how much contagion they spread before be- ing slaughtered. Of course, greater danger exists in using the milk of tuberculous animals than there is in using the llesh, because the meat is used in a cooked state, and as al- ready mentioned, thorough cooking destroys the bacilli; not ho with milk which is used in the raw state. It seems great waste to have all the carcasses of well-fed animals, which are only slightly tainted with tuberculosis, destroyed, while plenty of poor people in some great cities are reduced to fUraits from lack of food (this applies to cities with a regular set of veterinary inspectors). This fact is recognized in Oermany and in Berlin. There are large udepoU" estab- lished where all carcasses condemned for tuberculosis are thoroughly cooked by means of superheated steam, so that the bacilli are absolutely destroyed, and then that meat is sold to the poor peopleof the city at a nominal price. Fortunately for this State, poverty and want do not appear to have ar- rived at this stage yet. We must act justly towards the butch- ers and dairymen, a body of men on whom we depend for the necessaries of our existence, and in no way formulate rules or regulations liable to hamper their trade, but it is the duly of the Stite Sanitary Board to see that every precaution is taken lhat tubercular meat and especially milk from tu- berculous cows are not sold to the coramuoity. To trust to unqualified men as inspectors is like an insur- ance company trusting to its clerks to say what is a good life. The stake i-- infinitely greater in one case than the otherâin the insurance company the admission of an unsound life means a diminished quinquennial bonusâthe admission of unsound meat and diseased milk means the life of the con- PiO)>lil">!s,âUnder this heading we open a wide field for discussion as to what are the circumstances that contribute to the present prevalence of tuberculosis among our domestica- ted animals. 1. PredispositionâThat tuberculosis is a contagious dis- ease, caused by a specific bacillus, admits of no discussion. A number of investigators believe that ihe appearance of tuber- cular infection always depends on a previously existing dispo- sition of the body afHicted. The fact cannot be disputed that a series of circumstances certainly favor the transmission of tubercle bacilli, and that a general debilitation of the organ- ism, imperfect respiration, catarrhal infection of the upper air passages, etc, have their influence. Indeed we might say that the observed facts on both human and veterinary prac- tice strongly suppart the view that with tuberculosis, as with several other diseases, the tissues of certain individuals and races otter an unusually congenial soil for the propagation of the parasi'e. The Shorthorn, Jersey and Ayrshire breeds of cattle are almost unusually credited with a marked susceptibility or predisposition to tuberculosis. No doubt this is true, but other factors besides racial predisposition may contribute to this result. 1L lity,âRegarding this second great question if tuber- culosis is frequently inherited, many will, without hesitation answer in the affirmative, believing that the alarming preva- lence of the disease is due to the transmission from the bull or cow to the calf before the birth of the latter. Others again consider that in all but an insignificant proportion of cases the disease is contracted after birth through contact with cat- tle already affected with tuberculosis.
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resistance in infection when they are housed with tuberculous animals in badlv ventilated buildings. Tuberculosis, as far as our present knowledge extends, is an incurable disease, but at the same time an eminently prevent- able one, and its present alarming prevalence is the natural result of an almost universal neglect of those prophylactic measures that are indicated in the case of every infectious disease. It is the duty of the State sanitary officials and the veterinary profession to diffuse among stock-owners a knowl- edge of the true nature of the disease and to point out what aie ihe rational means of prevention. These means may be briefly summed up as follows : 1. A proper svstem of State inspection whereby the State is divided into districts, and all inspectors to be veterinarians of experience. 2. Adequate ventilation of cow-sheds and other cattle buildings. 3- Cleanliness and periodic disinfection of the walls, floor, woodwork, etc. These measures could not be expected to promptly exter- minate such an insidious and wide-spread disease as tubercu- losis, but it is not unreasonable to hope that if systematically enforced the malady would, in a few years, be reduced within very narrow limits. That this article is a compilation necessary speaks for it- self, and the material and results of recent investigations have been selected with a view to their adapatibility, and at the same time, with special attention to their scientific value. As this article has been written in a hurried manner, I trust any short-comings may be looked npon as an omission not purposely made, but the result of choosing a subject which, to do it justice, would entail the use of twenty times the space occupied by this paper. It is owing to this reason that the pathological anatomy in connection with tubercul- ous lesions has been omitted. Trusting that I have mentioned sufficient data and material for a hearty discussion I leave the subject in your bands, knowing that justice will be done and any shortcomings over- looked. Thomas Bowhill.F. R. C. V. S., F. R. P. S. Edinburgh. Late Professor of Anatomy, New Veterinary College, Edin- burgh ; Special lecture on Bacteriology, medical depart- ment, University of California ; Vice-President Edin- burgh Veterinary Medical Society, etc. Board of Censors. Photomicrographic section nf ralfs hrain showing Tubercle Bacilli magnified 1000 diameters. If congenital tuberculosis were common then tbe bovine species ought to furnish a large number of examples. First, tuberculosis is extremely common in milch cows. Second, tuberculosis of the genital organs of the cowis very frequent. Third, a large number of calves are killed and eviscerated immediately afterbirth. Taking all this in consideration, we find on record only, seven cases of undubitablecongenital tuberculosis in the calf. It is true Johne found tubercle bacille twice in the organs of embryos. The hereditarians of the strictest order have for years danced most enthusiastically around the calf described by Johne. I have seen but two cases of undoubted congenital tuber- culosis in calves, one in Edinburgh, and one I found recently in this State. In both cases the lesions were those of tuber- cular meningitis, and the photo oncograph accompanying this article is taken from a section of the meninges of the brain of the calf found in this State. The mother of the calf was tested with tuberculin, re-acted, and was slaughtered, the post mortem examination revealing tubercular lesions, one ovary being affected. Can we object to these observations on the ground that they are decided exceptions to the rule, and the only proof to substantiate this objection is the fact that the proportion of tuberculosis is vastly greater among adults than among young cattle. Infection.âIf the tubercle bacillus is not ubiquitous, and if, save in quite exceptional instances, animals are born free from lhat organism, how, it may be asked, is the disease con- tracted? In the case of cattle, an animal that is already the subject of tuberculosis is a sort of natural hot-bed for the propagation of the specific germ. In every tuberculous focus the tubercle bacilli grow and multiply, and in many instances vast numbers of the organ- isms are passed into the outer world ; every tuberculous ani- mal tends to contaminate its immediate surroundings, and is a source of danger to other susceptible animals kept in con- tact with it. The extent of contamination depends in a great measure on the localization of the disease. When the serous membranes and lymph glands are affected, there can be no outward passage of bacilli. The case is quite different in lung lesions, for then the bacilli are usually discharged into the outer world. The bacilli pass out in the bronchial mucous projected through the mouth or nose in the act of coughing, and such expectorated mucus adheres to any sur- face it comes in contact with, or else falls to the ground. In the moist condition the expectorate is only slightly danger- ous as far as infectiou by the respiratory passage is concerned, but it soon becomes dessicaled, and if detached, passes into the atmosphere as dust, to be inhaled bv any inmate of the same building. McFadyean mentions this as the common mode of infection in bovine tuberculosis, and says everything is plain if such a view is adopted. Tuberculosis is a disease of domesticationâyoung stock (except through milk infection) are exposed to less risk than adult stock, for they are less closely housed. Dairy cows, and especially those kept in city byrers under mal-hygienic conditions are the most frequent victims of tu- berculosis. The disease proves more infectious in proportion as the ventilation is defective, for these conditions obviously favor the transmission of the bacilli from animal to animal in the manner above sketched. As previously mentioned, Shorthorns, Jerseys aud Ayr- shires are credited with a special predisposition to this dis- ease, but it must be remembered that »hese breeds par ejrd- !â i ' are our most highly domesticated breeds, and hence the risks of infection are proportionally great. This is further illustrated by the fact that even West High- land cattle and other mountain breeds show no pronounced Chicago, III., April 8, 1S94.âPursuant to call the Board of Censors, American Trotting Register Association, met at 10 o'clock A. m. in the office of the Association. President W. P. Ijams,S. G. Boyle and C. F. Emery, also W. R. Allen and I. Broadhead of the Board of Directors. Upon motion, W. P. Ijams was elected Chairman. The following cases were presented for consideration : Application of David Bonner for correction of registration of Mambrino Startle Bonner 4801. Mr. Bonner, showing that the horse was registered without authority from him, the name Bonner being added to his name by Mr. Wallace, it was ordered that the registration be corrected to read " Mambrino Startle 4S01 (Bonner's), b h, foaled 1SS0, etc." Application of Curtis Gilbert for certificate of registration of Imperial 3586. From the correspondence in regard to tbe transfer of own- ership of this horse, it appeared lhat he was not sired by Nutwood, as given in the registration in Volume VI. It was ordered that the registration of Imperial 3586 be cancelled. Application of Ira M. Nye for cancellation of ihe registra- tion of the mare Molly Hill, Vol. X. It was shown by the affidavit of Mr. R L. Howard, owner of Wilkie Collins, that the mare Gertie Smith was not bred to Wilkie Collins in 1SSS, and it was ordered that the regis- tration of Molly Hill as standard be cancelled. Application of S. C. Hanscom for extension of pedigree of June Wilkes, Vol. VI I. Itbeiogshown that Kittv, the dam of June Wilkes, was sired by Aristos 761, it was ordered that the application be granted and the mare June Wilkes be transferred to standard department of Vol. XIII. Application of George R. Bearss for the registration of Fanny O. D. Mr. Bearss' application lacked the certificate from Mr. I. Curtis, breeder of the dam of Fanny O. D., but the pedigree of the mare he claimed was shown by the cotalogue issued by Mr.Curtis and by other evidence, and it was ordered that the mare Fanny O. D. be recorded as standard. Cancellation of registration of Kate Allerton. Kate Aller- ton was registered in Vol. X as foaled 1876, sired by Roval George So. It being shown that there was an error in the dale of foaling of Kate Allerton it was ordered that her reg- istration be cancelled and proper changes be made in all pedi- grees tracing to Iier. Application of O R.Stanford, asking lhat the registration in Vol. XIII of Wedge Boy, be changed from "sired by Charley B. 812, orRoseberry, 18,944" to "sired by Rose- berry, 18,944."' Application denied. Application of Mr. Isaac Skinner for ihe cancellation of registration of the mare L^dv First, Vol. IX. It being shown that Lady First was not sired by the stand- ard stallion North Star, it was ordered that her registration as standard, be cancelled and proper changes made in all pedigrees tracing to her. Application of G. F. Slurtevant for the registration of Xobby Nimble, eld. Ii being shown that tbe dam of Nobbv Nimble was not bred as claimed, it was ordered that the application for registra- tion of Xobbv Nimble be denied, and that the registration of Daipy A, Vol. XT, be cancelled, Daisy A. being from the same dam as Nobby Nimble, and that proper changes be made in all pedigrees tracing to these mares. Application of Ed Turner for correction of registration of Argand Bny 14,3*20. Mr. Turner showing that a mistake was made by his wife in the application for registration of this hcrse.it was ordered that the pedigree be changed to show lhat Argand Boy is a full brotherto St. Cloud Jr, 2:263- J. H. Steiner, Registrar. Among ihe four-vear-oldseligible to ihe TerreHaute$llr 000 Futurity are Silicon, 2:15); Axle, 2:153; Jay Hawker, 2:143; Wilmarch, 2:171; Wistful, 2:19) ; Fill-nore, 2:21*: Avena, 2:19A; Rowena, 2:17 ; Sabledale, 2:18* ; Margrave, 2:154 ; FrouFrou, 2:25, and Antella. 2:26). Among those in the $11,500 stake for three-year-olds are Nellie A., 2:19; Axinite, 2:20$, and Ella Woodline,2:23*.

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