File:Gouania hillebrandii (4832671254) (2).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionGouania hillebrandii (4832671254) (2).jpg |
Hairy-fruit chewstick Rhamnaceae Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi (extinct), West Maui, Kahoʻolawe (extinct), Hawaiʻi Island) NatureServe: Critically Imperiled Oʻahu (Cultivated) Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush. In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste. nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_hillebrandii |
Date | |
Source | Gouania hillebrandii |
Author | David Eickhoff from Hawaiʻi, USA |
Licensing
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by D.Eickhoff at https://flickr.com/photos/50823119@N08/4832671254. It was reviewed on 12 March 2016 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
12 March 2016
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current | 21:48, 12 March 2016 | 2,272 × 1,704 (1.6 MB) | Josve05a (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via Flickr2Commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot G3 |
Exposure time | 1/50 sec (0.02) |
F-number | f/2.5 |
Date and time of data generation | 19:10, 15 June 2008 |
Lens focal length | 7.2 mm |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | picnik.com |
File change date and time | 19:10, 15 June 2008 |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exif version | 2.2 |
Date and time of digitizing | 19:10, 15 June 2008 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 5.6438561438561 |
APEX aperture | 2.6438561907444 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2 APEX (f/2) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 8,114.2857142857 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 8,114.2857142857 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |