File:Journal of electricity (1917) (14577798720).jpg

Identifier: journalofele381151917sanf (find matches)
Title: Journal of electricity
Year: 1917 (1910s)
Authors:
Subjects: Electrical engineering Electricity Gas manufacture and works
Publisher: San Francisco : Technical Pub. Co.
Contributing Library: San Francisco Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: California State Library Califa/LSTA Grant

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f Powder Riverthe variation of the plotted points is from + 10 to — 11per cent; for the Deschutes it is from -(- 5 to —5 percent. The line representing the probable futureregimen is much better defined for the Deschutes thanfor the Powder. For minimum flow the maximumdeviations for the Columbia are 4-11 and — 6 percent and for the North Umpqua, + 3 and 1 per cent. The deviations for any 10-year record on Colum-bia River would be greater than for the 38-year recordused. In general, the degree of the curve of probableoccurrence varies inversely with the coefficient ofvariation and directly with the number of years ofrecord. The engineer making a study of any hydraulicproblem involving the utilization of the water of astream has on the one hand the discharge records, andon the other certain facts and assumptions as to theprobable use of water. With probability paper itsanalysis becomes much simplified. May 1, 1917.) JOURNAL OF ELECTRICITY 339 s /* tO so >ip ep bo 70 8p 9? 99 99*
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CHEMICAL ACTION OFWATER ON OIL Work in the California oil fieldsby the United States Geological Sur-vey of the Department of the In-terior has developed some interest-ing facts which will doubtless be ofconsiderable benefit to the oil indus-try. The progressive alteration of thewater as oil is approached is so con-stant and so striking in the area ex^amined that the conclusion that theoil and water have reacted chem-ically can not be avoided. It was sug-gested long ago in the Russian oilfields that hydrocarbons are able toreduce sulphate to sulphide, and thatthey themselves are simultaneouslyoxidized to carbon dioxide or car-bonate. Some of the sulphide formed inthe reaction between the hydrocar-bons and the sulphate waters is un-doubtedly oxidized to sulphur. Someof this sulphur is taken up again bythe oil, which makes the oil heaavierand more asphaltic. In the oil fieldsof San Joaquin Valley the oil thathas been most exposed to the actionof the water generally contains themost sulph

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