Leonhard Euler

**Leonhard Euler**
	Swiss mathematician, physicist, and engineer (1707–1783) Retrat d'Euler per Jakob Emanuel Handmann (1753).
	Upload media
	Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource
Name in native language	Leonhard Euler;
Date of birth	15 April 1707; Basel (canton of Basel, Old Swiss Confederacy)
Date of death	18 September 1783; Saint Petersburg (Russian Empire)
Manner of death	natural causes;
Cause of death	cerebral hemorrhage;
Place of burial	Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery (–1957); Lazarev Cemetery (59°55′12″N 30°23′24″E, 1957–);
Country of citizenship	Old Swiss Confederacy; Russian Empire; Kingdom of Prussia;
Residence	Basel; Saint Petersburg (1727–1741); Saint Petersburg (1766–); Berlin (1741–1753); Q15782821 (1753–1766);
Educated at	University of Basel (1720–);
Doctoral advisor	Johann Bernoulli;
Doctoral student	Nicolas Fuss;
Occupation	mathematician; physicist; university teacher; writer; music theorist; astronomer; scientist; inventor; executive; geographer;
Employer	Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1727–1741); Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1766–);
Member of	Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (1741–); Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1730–); French Academy of Sciences (1755–); American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1782–); Royal Society (Fellow of the Royal Society, 1747–); Academy of Sciences of Turin (1760–);
Position held	adjunct (1727–1730); professor (1731 (in Julian calendar) – 1741); professor (1766–);
Field of work	mathematical analysis; number theory; shipbuilding; calculus of variations; astronomy; mechanics; theory of differential equations; ballistics; optics; mathematics; music theory; differential calculus; graph theory; physics; logic;
Father	Paul III Euler;
Mother	Marguerite Brucker;
Child	Johann Euler; Christoph Euler; Carl Euler;
Spouse	Salomea Abigail Euler (1776–); Katharina Euler (1734–1773);
Work location	Saint Petersburg (1727–); Berlin (1741–1766); Basel; Saint Petersburg; Berlin;
Notable work	Euler's theorem; Euler's rotation theorem; Euler's theorem in geometry; Euler's sum of powers conjecture; Euler's polyhedron formula; Euler–Lagrange equation; Cauchy–Euler equation; Euler's totient function; Euler's identity; Euler's four-square identity; Euler's formula; Euler's theorem; gamma function; Gaussian integral; Euler–Mascheroni constant; lucky numbers of Euler; Euler diagram; nine-point circle; Euler line; Eulerian path;
Authority file
	Q7604; ISNI: 0000000121245291; VIAF cluster ID: 24639786; GND ID: 118531379; Library of Congress authority ID: n50010222; Bibliothèque nationale de France ID: 12157666x; IdRef ID: 028115481; NDL Authority ID: 00652487; Libraries Australia ID: 35069249; NL CR AUT ID: ola2002161287; HDS ID: 018751; SELIBR ID: 185712; CCAB ID: 000209972; National Library of Israel ID (old): 000044595; National Library of Spain SpMaBN ID (BNE v1.0): XX893649; Nationale Thesaurus voor Auteursnamen ID: 069355770; BIBSYS ID: 90743512; NUKAT ID: n98007245; NLP ID: a0000001797210; National Library of Korea ID: KAC200901598, KAC201102153; Libris-URI: vs6888qd42r4qlr; National Library of Poland MMS ID: 9810667829305606; National Library of Israel J9U ID: 987007260793905171; FranceArchives agent ID: 301269974; NACSIS-CAT author ID: DA01184372; SBN author ID: VEAV019451; Open Library ID: OL30028A; Mathematics Genealogy Project ID: 38586; IMDb ID: nm5996380
	Reasonator; Scholia; Wikidocumentaries; KML file; Search depicted;

<nowiki>Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Эйлер, Леонард; Leonhard Euler; لیونارډ ایولر; Leonhard Euler; لیونہارڈ اویلر; Leonhard Euler; Леонард Ейлер; Leonard Eýler; Leonhard Euler; Eyler Leonard; Эйлер Леонард; Леонард Ојлер; Leonhard Euler; लियोनार्ड ऑयलर; Leonard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; लिओनार्ड ऑइलर; Leonhard Euler; Леонард Ојлер; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonard Eyler; Leonhard Euler; Leonard Eyler; 歐拉; Леонард Эйлер; Leonhard Euler; လီယွန်ဟတ် အွိုင်လာ; 歐拉; Эйлер Леонард; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Леонард Эйлер; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Լեոնարդ Էյլեր; 萊昂哈德·歐拉; Leonhard Euler; ლეონარდ ეილერი; レオンハルト・オイラー; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; ليونارد يولر; ලියොනාඩ් ඉයුලර්; Leonhardus Eulerus; लियोनार्ड ओइलर; लियोनार्ड ओइलर; 萊昂哈德·歐拉; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; أويلر; Леанард Ойлер; Liunardu Euleru; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Леонард Ейлер; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; jan Lejona Ole; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Леонард Ойлер; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Леонард Эйлер; Леонард Эйлер; Leonhard Euler; 레온하르트 오일러; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; লেওনার্ড অয়লার; Leonhard Euler; Эйлер Леонард; Leonhard Euler; לעאנהארד אוילער; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Λέοναρντ Όιλερ; ლეონარდ ეილერი; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Eiler Leonard; Leonhard Euler; لئونارد اویلر; Leonhard Euler; Леонард Эйлер; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; ليونهارت أويلر; Leonhard Euler; Euleri Leonhard; ಲಿಯೊನಾರ್ಡ್ ಯೂಲರ್; لیۆنارد ئۆیلەر; Leonhard Euler; Leonard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; ላዮናርድ ኦይለር; லியோனார்டு ஆய்லர்; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; leonard.euler; 𐌻𐌴𐍉𐌽𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳 𐌴𐍅𐌻𐌴𐍂; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Эйлер, Леонард; Леанард Эйлер; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonard Euler; Leonards Eilers; Leonhard Euler; ਲਿਓਨਹਾਰਡ ਇਓਲਰ; Leonhard Euler; Liyoonaardi Ooyiler; לאונרד אוילר; Леонард Эйлер; Эйлер; លេអុនហាដ អយល័រ; లియొనార్డ్ ఆయిలర్; Leonhard Euler; Leonard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Леонард Эйлер; লিঅ'নাৰ্ড অইলাৰ; Eulero; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; लियोनार्ड ओइलर; Леонард Эйлер; لئونارد اویلر; ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱦᱟᱨᱰ ᱤᱣᱞᱟᱨ; Leonhard Euler; เลอ็อนฮาร์ท อ็อยเลอร์; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; لیونارڈ ایولر; Leonhard Euler; लियोनार्ड युलर; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Li-ang-ha-te. Yu-la; Leonhard Euler; Leonard Euler; ലെയൻഹാർട് ഓയ്ലർ; Leonhard Euler; 歐拉; Леонард Эйлер; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Euler; 莱昂哈德·欧拉; लियोनार्ड ओइलर; matemático suizo; Svissneskur stærðfræðingur, eðlisfræðingur og verkfræðingur (1707–1783); matematikawan dot fisikawan pionir tingon Swiss; jan li sona wawa e nanpa li tan ma Suwasi; ahli matematik Switzerland; Swiss mathematician; Швейцарски математик; Matematikçi ve Fizikçi; schweizisk matematiker; Видатний математик; matematikisto; 스위스의 수학자 (1707–1783); svisa matematikisto (1707–1783); švýcarský matematik a fyzik; švicarski matematičar; সুইস গণিতবিদ; mathématicien, physicien, ingénieur et philosophe suisse (1707-1783); švicarski matematičar, fizičar i astronom; ލިޔުންތެރިއެއް; स्विस गणितज्ञ; nhà toán học, vật lý và kỹ sư người Thụy Sĩ (1707–1783); Šveicē dzimis matemātiķis, fiziķis un astronoms; Suiso a matematiko; швајцарски математичар и физичар; Schwäizer Mathematiker a Physiker; sveitsisk matematiker og fysiker; ಗಣಿತಜ್ಞ; Swiss mathematician, physicist, and engineer (1707–1783); عالم رياضيات سويسري; papapykuaahára Suisagua; ဆွစ်ဇာလန် သင်္ချာပညာရှင်၊ ရူပဗေဒပညာရှင်နှင့် အင်ဂျင်နီယာ; svájci matematikus és fizikus; matematikaria; matemáticu rusu nacíu en Suiza; швейцарский, немецкий и российский математик; Schweizer Mathematiker (1707-1783); matematikan zviceran; ریاضی‌دان و فیزیک‌دان سوئیسی; 瑞士數學家（1707－1783）; schweizisk matematiker; švetsuarielaine, germuanielaine da ven’alaine matemuatiekku da mehaniekku, kudai luadi ylen suuren ruavon nämmien tiedoaloin kehittämizekse; スイスの数学者、天文学者 (1707 - 1783); מתמטיקאי ופיזיקאי שווייצרי; स्विस गणितज्ञ (1707-1783); స్విస్ గణిత శాస్త్రజ్ఞుడు, భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్త మరియు ఇంజనీర్ (1707–1783); sveitsiläinen matemaatikko; Swiss mathematician; ஆகச் சிறந்த கணித மேதை; matematico e fisico svizzero (1707-1783); Šveitsi matemaatik; matemático e físico suíço (1707–1783); švicarski matematik, fizik in inženir (1707–1783); matamaiticeoir Eilvéiseach; Ελβετός μαθηματικός; Switserse wiskundige en fisikus; स्विस गणितज्ञ, भौतिक विज्ञानी आउ अभियन्ता (१७०७-१७८३); szwajcarski matematyk, fizyk i astronom; Zwitsers wiskundige en natuurkundige (1707–1783); amusnak ed amesfizik aswisri (1707-1783); matematician, fizician și inginer elvețian (1707–1783); švajčiarsky matematik a fyzik; швайчарьскый математік і фізік; Matemàtic suís; matemático e físico suízo; นักคณิตศาสตร์ นักฟิสิกส์ และวิศวกรชาวสวิส (ค.ศ. 1707–1783); 瑞士数学家、物理学家（1707－1783）; швайцарскі матэматык, фізык і інжынэр; Leonhard Euler; Leonardo Eulero; Euler, Leonhard; L. Euler; Euler; L. Euler; Euler; Euler, Leonhard; Leonard Euler; Leonnard Eiler; L. Euler; Leonard Ejler; Leonhardo Eulero; Leonhardus Eulerus; L. Ejler; Eulero; Leonhard Evler; Leonhard Eyler; Liunardu Euleru; Ejler; Leonhard Paul Euler; Euler; Leonard Èjler; L. Èjler; Èjler; jan Lejona Ola; jan Ole; jan Ola; jan Leonhard Euler; jan Euler; Эйлер Леонард; Эйлер, Леонард; Эйлер; Leonhard Paul Euler; อ็อยเลอร์; Leonhard Euler; Leonhard Paul Euler; Leonhard Paul Euler; ఆయిలర్, లియోన్‌హార్డ్; ఎల్. ఆయిలర్; ఆయిలర్; Leonhard Paul Euler; Leonhard Paul Euler; Euler, Leonhard; L. Euler; Euler; オイラー; Leonhard Paul Euler; Lionard Euler; ओइलर; Leonhard Euler; אוילר; Léonhard Euler; Leonhard Paul Euler; Euler; Ейлер Леонард; Ейлер, Леонард; Ейлер; Leonhard Paul Euler; Euler; Leonhard Paul Euler; ليونهارد أويلر; ليونارد أويلر; أويلر; 欧拉; 歐拉; 欧拉; 莱奥哈尔德·欧拉; 莱昂哈德·欧拉; 李昂哈德·尤拉; 欧拉，L.</nowiki>

Leonhard Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a Swiss polymath who was active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician, geographer, and engineer. He founded the studies of graph theory and topology and made influential discoveries in many other branches of mathematics, such as analytic number theory, complex analysis, and infinitesimal calculus. He also introduced much of modern mathematical terminology and notation, including the notion of a mathematical function. He is known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory. Euler has been called a "universal genius" who "was fully equipped with almost unlimited powers of imagination, intellectual gifts and extraordinary memory". He spent most of his adult life in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and in Berlin, then the capital of Prussia. Euler is regarded as arguably the most prolific contributor in the history of mathematics and science, and the greatest mathematician of the 18th century.

Personal life

On 7 January 1734, Euler married Katharina Gsell, daughter of Georg Gsell, a painter at the Academy Gymnasium in Saint Petersburg. The couple bought a house by the Neva River. The couple had thirteen children in just sixteen years, but only five of them lived to adulthood, three sons and two daughters:

Johann Albrecht Euler (November 27, 1734 - September 18, 1800)
Anna Margaretha Euler (May 28, 1736 - July 02, 1736), who died in infancy
Maria Gertrude Euler (April 28, 1737 - March 03, 1739), who died in early childhood
Anna Elisabeth Euler (October 25, 1739 - November 08, 1739), who died in infancy
Karl Johann Euler (July 15, 1740 - March 16, 1790), who married Anna Emilia von Bell. They had five surviving children.
Catharina Helena Euler (November 15, 1741 - May 04, 1781), who married Karl Joseph von Bell. They had two surviving children, and she died just over a week after giving birth to her last child.
Johann Christophorus Euler (May 01, 1743 - February 24, 1808), a Lieutenant-General who married Anna Wilhelmine Christine von Krabbe. They had seven surviving children.
Charlotte Euler (July 12, 1744 - February 13, 1780), who married Johan Jacob van Delen. They had seven surviving children.
Unnamed child (1745?), who was stillborn or died shortly after birth
Hermann Friedrich Euler (May 08, 1747 - December 12, 1750), who died in early childhood
Erthmuth Louise Euler (April 13, 1749 - August 09, 1749), twin of Helene Eleonora, who died in infancy
Helene Eleonora Euler (April 13, 1749 - August 11, 1749), twin of Erthmuth Louise, who died in infancy
August Friedrich Euler (March 20, 1750 - August 10, 1750), who died in infancy

Three years after his wife's death in 1773, Euler married her half-sister, Salome Abigail Gsell. This marriage lasted until his death in 1783.

Portraits

Leonhard Euler aged 49 (oil painting by Emanuel Handmann, 1756)
Portrait of Leonhard Euler by Emanuel Handmann 1753

Stamps and currency

Swiss banknote featuring Euler
USSR stamp on Euler's 250th birthday.

Other related images

Euler's grave
Methodus inveniendi



Alternative names	Euler, Leonhard; L. Euler; Euler
Description	Swiss mathematician, physicist, university teacher, writer, music theorist and astronomer
Date of birth/death	15 April 1707	18 September 1783
Location of birth/death	Basel, Switzerland	Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Work period	18^th century date QS:P,+1750-00-00T00:00:00Z/7
Work location	Basel; Saint Petersburg; Berlin; Saint Petersburg (1727–); Berlin (1741–1766)
Authority file	: Q7604 VIAF: 24639786 ISNI: 0000000121245291 LCCN: n50010222 NLA: 35069249 MGP: 38586 Open Library: OL30028A GND: 118531379 SELIBR: 185712 SUDOC: 028115481 BNF: 12157666x NDL: 00652487 BIBSYS: 90743512 HDS: 018751 NKC: ola2002161287 SBN: VEAV019451 BNE: XX893649 CiNii: DA01184372 NLP: a0000001797210 J9U: 987007260793905171 Koninklijke: 069355770 NLK: KAC200901598 WorldCat