Translations:Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Consolidated list Northern America/2/mk

Текстот е превметнат од
COM:Greenland

Гренланд

Друг регион, како на пр. зависна територија, сојуз, поранешна држава

Greenland is an autonomous constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark. On 21 June 2009 Greenland gained self-rule with provisions for assuming responsibility for self-government of judicial affairs, policing, and natural resources.

Greenland and the Faroe islands are members of WIPO and party to most international treaties, but are not members of the European Union. Denmark has harmonized most of its intellectual property laws with the rest of Europe, and as of 2019 the laws of Greenland have been brought into conformance with Denmark.

As of 2019, the copyright law of Greenland (archived copy at Wayback Machine) is effectively in accordance with the Copyright Act of Denmark, and therefore Danish copyright templates will be applicable, including for public documents.

Freedom of panorama

Further information: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Denmark/mk#Freedom of panorama

Greenlandic freedom of panorama, found at Section 24 (2 and 3) is identical to the Danish freedom of panorama. Во ред for buildings, and  Не е во ред for any public art still in copyright (for noncommercial only, incompatible with Commons:Licensing).

See also

• Grønland - Kalaallit Nunaat
• Category:Greenlandic FOP cases
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Denmark/mk

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. Видете исто така: Commons:General disclaimer

Текстот е превметнат од
COM:Canada

Канада

Авторскоправни правила: Canada Кратенка: COM:CANADA
Времетраење
Стандардно	Life + 70 years
Анонимни	Publish + 75 years or Create + 100 years
Владини	Publish + 50 years
Други
Слобода на панорама	For 3D works and "works of artistic craftsmanship"
Роковите важат до крајот на годината	Yes
Чести лиценцни ознаки	{{PD-Canada}} {{PD-Canada-stamp}} {{PD-Canada-anon}} {{OGL-C}}
Договори
Бернска спогодба	10 April 1928
Светска авторскоправна спогодба	10 August 1962
Член на СТО	1 January 1995
Датум на УРАА‌*	1 January 1996
Договор на СОИС	13 August 2014
*‌Едно дело обично ужива заштита во САД ако подлежи на авторски права во земјата, е објавено по 31 декември 1928 г. и заштитено во земјата на потекло со датумот на УРАА.

This page provides an overview of copyright rules of Canada relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in Canada must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both Canada and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from Canada, refer to the relevant laws for clarification.

Background

Canada was formed as a federal dominion in 1867, became largely independent of the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster of 1931, and became fully independent with the Canada Act of 1982.

Canada has been a member of the Berne Convention since 10 April 1928, the Universal Copyright Convention since 10 August 1962, the World Trade Organization since 1 January 1995 and the WIPO treaty since 13 August 2014.

As of 2018 the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, listed the Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42) (consolidated version incorporating all amendments up to June 19, 2017) as the main copyright law enacted by the legislature of Canada.

WIPO holds the text of this law in their WIPO Lex database.

As a result of the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) on 23 June 2022 the Canadian Copyright Act was amended via Bill C-19 to extend the term of copyright from life of the author plus a period of 50 years following the end of the calendar year in which that author dies to a period of 70 years. The amendment did not extend the term for Crown Copyright, nor did it "revive" the copyright of works that have entered the public domain prior to the amendment coming into force. On 17 November 2022 Orders in Council 2022-1219 fixed 30 December 2022 as the day on which Division 16 of Part 5 of Bill C-19 came into force. Relatedly, due to CUSMA a 25 year extension previously went into effect for anonymous works on 1 July 2020 per Orders in Council 2020-0215.

General rules

All photographs (except those subject to Crown Copyright, for which see below) taken before 1 January 1949 are in the public domain. For works from after that time, or non-photographs, the Copyright Act states a copyright subsists for the life of the author plus 70 years following the end of the calendar year of death (section 6), however, since the 20-year copyright extension in 2022 was not retroactive, the copyright term has expired for works where the author died before 1972. If the work is anonymous or pseudonymous then the copyright lasts either 75 years following publication or 100 years after the making of the work, whichever is earlier (section 6.1), provided the authorship does not become known in that timeframe.

Works subject to Crown Copyright enter the public domain 50 years after publication, except for certain very rare exceptions (see Wikipedia Crown copyright [in English]).

Ознаки за слики

• {{PD-Canada}} – за слики на Круната објавени пред повеќе од 50 години, фотографии создадени пред 1949 и други дела каде авторот починал пред повеќе од 50 години.
• {{PD-Canada-stamp}} – за поштенски марки постари од 50 години.
• {{PD-Canada-anon}} – for works where the author or authors are unknown, and 50 years have passed since their publication or 75 since their creation
• {{OGL-C}} for Government supplied information released under the Open Government License-Canada. Usually through the Open Data portal, http://data.gc.ca/eng/open-data, or the geogratis portal, http://geogratis.gc.ca/geogratis/Home?lang=en

Currency

 Не е во ред

"The Bank of Canada is the registered copyright owner of all design elements of Canadian bank notes [...] The Bank's written permission for the reproduction of bank note images must be obtained before the image is reproduced." The sole exception is that "It is not necessary to request the Bank's permission to use bank note images for film or video purposes, provided that the images are intended to show a general indication of currency, and that there is no danger that the images could be misused." Other images of Canadian currency might still be permitted on local Wikipedia projects under fair dealing.

Counterfeiting law will not apply to any printed replica of Canadian printed money that is "less than 3/4 or greater than 1 1/2 times the length or width of the bank note; and in black and white or only one-sided."

Coins are copyrighted by the Royal Canadian Mint. There are charges for educational and commercial use, so they cannot be shown on Commons before the expiration of fifty years.

De minimis

Subsection 30.7 of the Canadian Copyright Act, 1985 states:

It is not an infringement of copyright to incidentally and not deliberately

(a) include a work or other subject-matter in another work or other subject-matter; or

(b) do any act in relation to a work or other subject-matter that is incidentally and not deliberately included in another work or other subject-matter.

Freedom of panorama

Во ред for 3D works and "works of artistic craftsmanship": {{FoP-Canada}}
 Не е во ред usually for 2D works

Under Section 32.2 (1)(b) of the Canadian Copyright Act 1985, it is not an infringement of copyright for any person to reproduce, in a painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or cinematographic work … (i) an architectural work (defined as any building or structure or any model of a building or structure"); or

• (ii) "a sculpture or work of artistic craftsmanship or a cast or model of a sculpture or work of artistic craftsmanship, that is permanently situated in a public place or building".

Canadian law was originally derived from UK concepts and some of Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom/mk may therefore be of relevance, in particular the restricted legal meaning of "work of artistic craftsmanship". Some non-sculptural works can qualify for Canadian FOP under this clause, such as Body Shop Yonge.jpg for example. The freedom provided by the quoted section does not apply to typical two-dimensional works such as paintings, murals, advertising hoardings, maps, posters or signs. These cannot be uploaded to Commons without a license from the copyright holder even if they are permanently located in a public place, unless they are in the public domain.

Stamps

There is no special provision in the copyright law for postage stamps. Section 12 of the 1921 Copyright Act of Canada states that for government works (work that is, or has been, prepared or published by or under the direction or control of Her Majesty or any government department) the copyright is 50 years following the end of the calendar year during which the work has been published. This is known as Crown copyright.

There are also special non-copyright regulations which apply: see https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._1292/page-1.html.

For stamps published more than 50 years ago (before 1^st of January 1974) use {{PD-Canada-stamp}}.

Threshold of originality

Unlike other common law countries, Canada's threshold of originality veers closer to that of the United States. CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada explicitly rejected the "sweat of the brow" doctrine for being too low of a standard, but at the same time, stated that the creativity standards for originality were too high:

A creativity standard implies that something must be novel or non-obvious — concepts more properly associated with patent law than copyright law. And for these reasons, I conclude that an “original” work under the Copyright Act is one that originates from an author and is not copied from another work. That alone, however, is not sufficient to find that something is original. In addition, an original work must be the product of an author’s exercise of skill and judgment. The exercise of skill and judgment required to produce the work must not be so trivial that it could be characterized as a purely mechanical exercise."

The same case also stated:

For a work to be “original” within the meaning of the Copyright Act, it must be more than a mere copy of another work. At the same time, it need not be creative, in the sense of being novel or unique. What is required to attract copyright protection in the expression of an idea is an exercise of skill and judgment. By skill, I mean the use of one’s knowledge, developed aptitude or practised ability in producing the work. By judgment, I mean the use of one’s capacity for discernment or ability to form an opinion or evaluation by comparing different possible options in producing the work. This exercise of skill and judgment will necessarily involve intellectual effort.

See also

• Canada
• Category:Canadian FOP cases
• Category:License tags of Canada
• Category:Stamps of Canada
• en:Originality in Canadian copyright law

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. Видете исто така: Commons:General disclaimer

Текстот е превметнат од
COM:United States

САД

Авторски права на дела првично објавени во САД, со исклучок на звучни дела

Година на првично објавување Напомена: објавување не значи создавање	Траење на авторското право
пред 1929 г. во текот на 1929-63 г.: без проглас, или со проглас, но необновено во рок од 28 од првото објавување во текот на 1964-77 г.: без проглас од 1978 г. до 1 март 1989 г.: без проглас и без регистрација во рок од 5 години од првото објавување	Делото станало јавна сопственост во САД
во текот на 1929-63 г.: со проглас и обновено во текот на 1964-77 г.: без проглас	Заштитено во рок од 95 години по првото објавување
од 1978 до 1 март 1989 г.: создадено пред 1978 г. без проглас, или со проглас, но регистрирано во рок од 5 години од првото објавување од 2 март 1989 г. до 2002 г.: создадено пред 1978 г.	Ако авторот е познат, заштитено или 70 години п.с.а. или 31 декември 2047 г. (подолгото од нив) Ако авторот е непознат или е правно лице, заштитено или 95 години по првото објавување или 120 години по создавањето (пократкото од нив), но не пред 31 декември 2047 г.
од 1978 г. до 1 март 1989 г.: создадено по 1977 г. без проглас, или со проглас, но регистрирано во рок од 5 години од првото објавување од 2 март 1989 г. до 2002 г.: создадено по 1977 г. необјавено пред 2003 г. (т.е. првпат објавено по 2002 г.)	Ако авторот е познат, заштитено 70 години п.с.а. Ако авторот е непознат или е правно лице, или 95 години по првото објавување, или 120 години по создавањето (пократкото од нив).
п.с.а.: по смртта на авторот

Авторскоправни правила: the United States Кратенка: COM:US
Времетраење
Стандардно	Life + 70 years (works published since 1978 or unpublished works)
Анонимни	Publish + 95 years / Create + 120 years (whichever is shorter, published since 1978)
Владини	Federal, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Puerto Rico: public domain Other states: copyrighted
Други
Слобода на панорама	For buildings
Роковите важат до крајот на годината	Yes
Чести лиценцни ознаки	{{PD-USGov}} {{PD-US-expired}} {{PD-1996}}
Договори
Бернска спогодба	1 март 1989
Светска авторскоправна спогодба	16 септември 1955
Член на СТО	1 јануари 1995

This page provides an overview of copyright rules of the United States relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons.

General rules

• Anything (other than sound recordings) published before January 1, 1929 is in the public domain. For a definition of "publication" see e.g. Copyright Office circular 1: Copyright Basics, page 3. This modern definition is only valid for 1978 and later, as the 1909 Copyright Act did not explicitly define it, though the concepts were similar.
• Anything published before January 1, 1964 and whose copyright was not renewed is in the public domain (search the Copyright Renewal Database, Stanford University for books, The Online Books Page for magazines).
• Anything published before January 1, 1978 with no copyright notice ("©", "Copyright" or "Copr.") plus the year of publication (may be omitted in some cases) plus the copyright owner (or pseudonym) is also in the public domain.
• Anything published in or after 1978 but before March 1, 1989 with no copyright notice is in the public domain unless the work's copyright was registered within 5 years of the work's initial publication.

• Works which were first published outside the US (and not subsequently republished in the US within 30 days) on or after January 1, 1929 may be copyrighted in the US by virtue of the URAA (Uruguay Round Agreements Act) even if the work's US copyright previously expired due to a failure to comply with US copyright formalities (copyright renewal and inclusion of a copyright notice.) In general, such works had their US copyright restored if the work was out of copyright in the US due to noncompliance with US formalities but still under copyright in its country of origin on the URAA date. (For most countries, the URAA date is January 1, 1996.) Works first published in the US are not affected by the URAA.

• The US copyright situation for sound recordings (including those published before 1929) is a special case. Recordings fixed on or after February 15, 1972 are subject to the same copyright rules as other works. Under the Music Modernization Act, which was signed into law in October 2018, recordings fixed prior to February 15, 1972 are subject to a copyright term that depends on when the recording was first published.

• Recordings that were published prior to 1947 are copyrighted for a period of 100 years after first publication. Recordings that were published from 1947 through 1956 are copyrighted for a period of 110 years after first publication. Recordings that were published after 1956 and first fixed prior to February 15, 1972 will enter the public domain on February 15, 2067. These copyright terms for pre-1972 recordings apply regardless of any formalities (copyright notice, registration with the US copyright office, or copyright renewal.)

• Works created after January 1, 1978 are protected for 70 years after the death of the creator. If the work was a "work for hire", copyright persists for 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever is shorter.
• Works created before 1978 and first published after or in 1978 are protected for the earlier of 95 years from publication or registration for copyright or 120 years from creation (for anonymous or corporate works) or 70 years after death of the creator for known authors; if it was published in 1978–2001, that copyright is extended to December 31, 2047 if it's shorter. (Thus no works first published with permission of the copyright holder between 1978 and 2001 in the US are out of copyright.)

US copyright law applies in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, but does not apply in American Samoa. According to the US Copyright Office 17 U.S.C. § 101 (defining use of the term "United States" in the Copyright Act of 1976): "The 'United States', when used in a geographical sense, comprises the several States, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the organized territories under the jurisdiction of the United States Government." Of the organized territories, the United States Copyright Office says that: "US federal copyright law applies in the US Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands but not in American Samoa."

Full details of US Copyright Law (Title 17) are published by the US Copyright Office.

Works by the US Government

A work by the US federal Government is in the public domain. This applies certainly within the United States; it may, however, not apply in other jurisdictions. See the CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.7, the US Government's own statement to that effect, but also this discussion.

Example of public domain work created by NASA, a US federal government agency

• Images on government or government agency websites are not necessarily public domain; always look for copyright notices or similar. Especially the images on the favorite website "Astronomy Picture of the Day" are in most cases not within the public domain but copyrighted by their individual authors (so please do not upload images from there to Wikimedia Commons). Images on certain military websites (e.g. AKO) frequently are creations of military members in their individual capacities (e.g. soldiers on patrol using their personal cameras). These images may not be in the public domain, but they are very hard to distinguish from works of military photographers, and they rarely contain copyright information. Voice of America may sometimes use photos which are copyrighted by agencies like AP and Getty Images. As an exception to the rule, images submitted by individuals to the National Weather Service are public domain, as required as part of the photo submission process.

• This does not include governments of the individual states. The work of most state and local governments are subject to copyright, but there are some exceptions.
  • More specifically, most works by government agencies in California and Florida are in public domain, except specified agencies as stated.
  • Edicts of state and local governments, including judicial opinions, administrative rulings, legislative enactments, public ordinances, and similar official legal documents, are also ineligible for copyright protection as per Template:PD-US-GovEdict, making them in US public domain.
• This does not include government-funded corporations like Amtrak.
• This does not include works of employees of the USPS, as exempted in 1976 [8]. In particular, the USPS holds exclusive copyright to all US postage stamp designs since 1978 [9] (older US stamps are all considered public domain).
• This also does not include works commissioned by the US Government, but produced by contractors; in this case, the copyright may have been assigned to the US Government (for instance, the copyright of the official Ada programming language manual was assigned to the US Department of Defense).

• Some US government agencies may work in cooperation with other agencies or corporations; this is in particular the case of NASA, which operates the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in cooperation with Caltech, and operates a number of space projects in cooperation with foreign agencies such as ESA and CNES. Only materials solely produced by NASA are in the public domain. The other agencies may hold copyright on some material, including material published on NASA sites (in these cases there will be copyright notices— please look for them to determine copyright status).
• The government sometimes publishes images with statements about non-copyright restrictions (like the White House photostream). This does not affect copyright.

• Commercial use of some federal images, such as identifying insignia or identification, is prohibited however. Fraudulent use (such as wearing military decorations without authorization) is also banned. However, restrictions of this nature are not within the scope of Commons policy.
• The United States Army Institute of Heraldry—the official custodian of such images has addressed this issue with its Copyright statement, which informs the reader as to how to meet any commercial needs under this statute.

Edicts of Government

• Edicts of government are always public domain in whole or in part and applies to such works whether they are federal, state, or local as well as to those of foreign governments. This includes judicial opinions, administrative rulings, legislative enactments (laws, statutes), public ordinances, regulations, and similar official legal documents. In this case, the idea (the edict) and its expression (the text of the edict) are inseparable, as to change the legal text would be to change the law itself. Edicts of government may or may not overlap with works by the US Government.

Ознаки за слики

• {{PD-US}} – издадено пред 1929 г. и во јавна сопственост во САД.
• {{PD-US-expired}} – published anywhere before 1929 and public domain in the U.S. (preferred over {{PD-US}})
• {{PD-1996}} – во јавна сопственост во изворната земја на 1 јануари, 1996 и во САД.
• {{PD-US-not renewed}} – издадено во САД помеѓу 1929 и 1963 г, но без обновени авторски права.
• {{PD-US-no notice}} – секое дело издадено без известување за авторски права пред 1978 г.
• {{PD-US-no notice advertisement}} – any advertisement published in the U.S. prior to 1978 in a collective work without a copyright notice specific to the advertisement

• {{PD-US-1978-89}} – *{{PD-US-1978-89}} — издадено во САД пред 1978 и 1 март, 1989 без известување за авторски права или регистрација во рок од 5 години.
• {{PD-US-unpublished}} – дела неиздадени пред 2003 г.
• {{PD-US-record}} – за звучни записи кои се во јавна сопственост во САД (на пр. направени пред 15 февруари, 1972 и кои не се засновани на заштитен материјал; не важи во Њујорк).

• {{PD-Edison Records}} – за звучни снимки од Edison Records (во јавна сопственост).
• {{PD-EdictGov}} – all edicts of government are in the public domain in the U.S.
• {{PD-US-Codes-and-Standards-as-Statutory-Law}} – U.S. standards and codes become edicts of government when adopted, thereby losing copyright protection
• {{PD-US-Medical imaging}} - medical imaging created in the US, without any particular originality or creativity to make it copyrightable

See also #US States and Territories

US Government agencies

Shortcut

• COM:USGOV

• {{PD-USGov}} – за слики создадени од Федералната влада на САД кои не подлежат на авторски права.

Judicial Branch

• {{PD-USGov-Judiciary}} – for federal Court case documents.

Конгрес на САД

• {{PD-USGov-Congress}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Конгресот на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-Congress-AOC}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Архитектот на Капитолот.
  • {{PD-USGov-GAO}} – for public domain media from the General Accounting Office.
  • See also #US Library of Congress public domain collections

Department of Agriculture

• {{PD-USGov-USDA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за земјоделство на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-USDA-ARS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за земјоделско истражување.
  • {{PD-USGov-USDA-FS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Шумарска служба.
  • {{PD-USGov-USDA-NAL}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националната земјоделска библиотека.
  • {{PD-USGov-USDA-NRCS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за заштита на природните ресурси.
  • {{PD-USGov-FSA}} – за слики од укинатата Управа за земјоделска безбедност или Службата за воено информирање.

Department of Commerce

• {{PD-USGov-DOC}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за трговија.
  • {{PD-USGov-DOC-Census}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Пописната служба.
  • {{PD-USGov-NIST}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националниот институт за стандарди и технологија.
  • {{PD-USGov-NOAA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националната океанска и атмосферска управа.
    • {{PD-NWS}} – for public domain media from the National Weather Service.
  • {{PD-US-patent}} – за слики во јавна сопственост издадени под регулативите за патенти во САД.

Department of Defense

• {{PD-USGov-Military}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од војската на САД или Министерството за одбрана.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-Air Force}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Воздухопловните сили на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-Air National Guard}} – for works of the Air National Guard.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-Army}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Армијата на САД.
    • {{PD-USGov-Military-Army-USACE}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Инженеријата на Армијата на САД.
    • {{PD-USGov-Military-Army-USACMH}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Центарот за воена историја на Армијата на САД.
    • {{PD-USGov-Military-Army-USAIOH}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Институтот за хералдика при армијата на САД.

• • {{PD-USGov-Military award}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од воени медали.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-Badge}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од воени значки.
  • {{PD-USCG}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Крајбрежната стража на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-DVIC}} – for media from the Defense Visual Information Center.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-Marines}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Маринците на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-MDA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за проектилна обрана.

• • {{PD-USGov-Military-Navy}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Морнарицата на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-National Guard}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националната гарда на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-Military-NGA}} – за податоци и слики во јавна сопственост од Националната служба за геопросторно разузнавање.
  • {{PD-USGov-NRO}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националната служба за извидување.
  • {{PD-USGov-NSA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за државна безбедност.
  • {{PD-WSMRM}} – за слики од Страницата на Музејот на Проектилната стрелачница Вајт Сендс.

Department of Education

• {{PD-USGov-ED}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за образование.

Department of Energy

• {{PD-USGov-DOE}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за енергетика.
  • {{PD-LosAlamos}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националната лабораторија Лос Аламос.
  • {{PD-USGov-ARM}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Програмот за мерење на атмосферско зрачење.

Department of Health and Human Services

• {{PD-USGov-HHS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за здравство и човечки служби.
  • {{PD-USGov-HHS-CDC}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Центрите за контрола и спречување на болести.
    • {{PD-USGov-HHS-NIOSH}} – for public domain images from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

• • {{PD-USGov-FDA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Управата за храна и лекови.
  • {{PD-USGov-HHS-NIH}} or {{PD-USGov-NIH}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националните здравствени институти.
    • {{PD-USGov-NIH-NIAID}} – for public domain images from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
      • {{PD-USGov-NIH-NIAID-Videos}} – for public domain images from a list of public domain videos of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
    • {{PD-USGov-NCBI-scienceprimer}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националниот центар за научни проби за биотехнолошки информации.
  • {{PD-USGov-PHS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за јавно здравство на САД.

Department of Homeland Security

• {{PD-USGov-DHS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за безбедност на татковината.
  • {{PD-USCG}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од крајбрежната стража на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-FEMA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Федералната служба за раководство со вонредни состојби.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

• {{PD-USGov-HUD}} – for public domain images from the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Министерство за внатрешни работи на САД

• {{PD-USGov-Interior}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за внатрешни работи.
  • {{PD-USGov-BLM}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за управа со земјишта.

• • {{PD-USGov-Interior-BOEMRE}} – for public domain images from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement.
  • {{PD-USGov-FWS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за риби и диви животни.
  • {{PD-USGov-USGS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Геомерната служба на САД.
    • {{PD-USGov-Interior-USGS-Minerals}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од проектот „Минерали во вашиот свет“.
    • {{PD-USGov-Interior-USGS-NBII}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националната библиотека на дигитални слики за инфраструктура за биолошки информации (НБИИ).
  • {{PD-USGov-Interior-HABS}} – Служба за национални паркови на САД, Попис за историски американски градви (преку Конгресната библиотека).
  • {{PD-USGov-Interior-MMS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за раководство со минерали.
  • {{PD-USGov-NPS}} - за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за национални паркови на САД.
    • {{PD-USGov-NPS-HAER}} - Служба за национални паркови на САД, Историски записи за американското инженерство (преку Конгресната библиотека).

• • {{PD-USGov-Interior-USBR}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за мелиорација.
  • {{PD-USGov-Atlas}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националниот атлас на САД.
  • {{PD-USGov-AVO}} – for images from web cameras operated by the Alaska Volcano Observatory.

Department of Justice

• {{PD-USGov-DOJ}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за правда.
  • {{PD-USGov-DEA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Управата за справување со дрога.
  • {{PD-USGov-FBI}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Федералната истражна служба (ФБИ).

Department of Labor

• {{PD-USGov-DOL}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за труд.

Department of State

• {{PD-USGov-DOS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за надворешни работи (Стејт Департментот).
  • {{PD-USGov-USIA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од укинатата Информативна служба на САД.

Department of Transportation

• {{PD-USGov-DOT}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за транспорт.

• • {{PD-USGov-MUTCD}} – за слики преземени од Рачни или Униформни уреди за контрола на сообраќајот.
  • {{PD-USGov-FAA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Федералната воздухопловна управа.
  • {{PD-USGov-NTSB}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националниот одбор за безбедност во транспортот.

Department of the Treasury

• {{PD-USGov-Treasury}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за државната благајна.
  • {{PD-USGov-money}} – за слики на американски пари кои не подлежат на авторски права.

Department of Veterans Affairs

• {{PD-USGov-DVA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Министерството за ветерански работи.

Independent agencies

• {{PD-USGov-BBG}} – for public domain images created by Broadcasting Board of Governors.
  • • {{PD-USGov-VOA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Глас на Америка [10].
• {{PD-USGov-CIA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Централната разузнавачка служба (ЦИА).
  • {{PD-USGov-CIA-WF}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Светската книга на факти на ЦИА.
• {{PD-USGov-EPA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Службата за заштита на животната околина.
• {{PD-USGov-Federal Reserve}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Федералниот резервен одбор на гувернери.

• {{PD-USGov-NASA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од НАСА.
  • {{PD-WorldWind}} – за слики во јавна сопственост направени со World Wind на НАСА.
  • {{PD-USGov-NASA-SRTM}} – податоци од http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/. Внимавајте, ова не е ознака за авторски права, туку служи чисто за наведување на извор
  • {{PD-USGov-NASA-AP|mission=mission|roll=roll|frame=frame}} — податоци од http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/. Параметрите се кодови за фотографија. Внимавајте: ова не е ознака за авторски права, туку служи чисто за наведување на извор.
  • {{PD-USGov-NASA-AP}} – for U.S. Astronauts' Photographs.

• {{PD-USGov-NSF}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Националната научна фондација.
• {{PD-USGov-POTUS}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Извршната служба на Претседателот на САД.
• {{PD-USGov-SI}} – for public domain images from the Smithsonian Institution
• {{PD-USGov-USAID}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од УСАИД.
• {{PD-USGov-USTR}} – for public domain images from the Office of the United States Trade Representative.

• {{PD-USGov-WPA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од укинатата Управа за напредок во јавните градежни работи.
• {{PD-USGov-TVA}} – за слики во јавна сопственост од Управниот орган на долината Тенеси.
• {{PD-DCGov}} – for public domain images from the District of Columbia.
• {{PD-USGov-Award}} – for an image of an award or decoration of an agency of the federal government of the United States.

Збирки на Конгресната библиотека во јавна сопственост

Видете исто така: Commons:Library of Congress

• {{PD-LOC-911}} – for the 250 images from the Collection of unattributed photographs of the September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, New York City.
• {{PD-Abdul Hamid}} — за слики од збирката Абдул-Хамид II.
• {{PD-Bain}} — за слики од збирката Џорџ Грантам Бејн.
• {{PD-Brady-Handy}} — за слики од збирката Бреди-Хенди.
• {{PD-Carpenter}} – for images from the Carpenter Collection.
• {{PD-CQ Roll Call}} – for public domain photos from the CQ Roll Call Photograph Collection.

• {{PD-Curtis}} – for images from the Edward S. Curtis Collection.
• {{PD-Detroit}} — за слики од збирката на Детроитската издавачка компанија.
• {{PD-Frissell}} – for images from the Toni Frissell Collection.
• {{PD-Gottlieb}} – for images from the William P. Gottlieb Collection.
• {{PD-Gottscho}} – for images from the Gottscho-Schleisner Collection.

• {{PD-Harris-Ewing}} — за слики од збирката Харис и Јуинг.
• {{PD-Highsmith}} — за слики од збирката Керол Хајсмит.
• {{PD-Johnston}} – for images from the Frances Benjamin Johnston Collection.
• {{PD-Korab}} – for images from the Balthazar Korab Collection.

• {{PD-Look}} for images from the LOOK Magazine Photograph Collection
• {{PD-Matson}} — за слики од фотографската збирка Џ. Ерик и Едит Метсон.
• {{PD-National Photo Company}} — за слики во јавна сопственост од збирката на Националната фото компанија.
• {{PD-NCLC}} for works from the National Child Labor Committee collection

• {{PD-NYWT&S}} – for public domain images from the New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection.
• {{PD-USNWR}} — за слики во јавна сопственост од збирката на Американски вести и Известија од светот.
• {{PD-Underwood}} – for public domain images by Underwood & Underwood in the general Library of Congress catalog
• {{PD-Van Vechten}} — за слики од збирката Карл Ван Вехтен.
• {{PD-VAR}} – for images from the Theatrical Poster Collection

US States

• See also public domain status of official US government works and Copyright status of works by US subnational governments

• {{PD-CAGov}} – за слики од Државата Калифорнија, видете Template talk:PD-CAGov.
• {{PD-FLGov}} – за слики создадени од владата на државата Флорида кои не подлежат на авторски права.
• {{PD-MAGov}} – for works created by the State of Massachusetts.
• {{PD-MGS}} – за карти и извештаи создадени од Геомерната служба на Минесота и пуштени во јавна сопственост; се бара припишување.
• {{Iowa General Assembly official portrait permission}} – for official portraits of Iowa state legislators.
• {{PD-WSRC}} – for images created by the Washington State Redistricting Commission and released to the public domain; attribution is requested.

US Territories

• {{PD-PRGov}} – for images created by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
• {{PD-USGov-Unincorporated}} – used for work created by governments of "W:Unorganized territories" (excluding American Samoa), because they are considered part of the US Federal Government) and hence their works are ineligible for copyright.

Work of Organized Territories has less clear status; the first link in this section shows strong evidence that Puerto Rico's works are in the public domain, while the second link prevaricates. Flags and coats of arms seem to follow the same laws as the US

American Samoa

• {{PD-American Samoa}} — used for works made in American Samoa so long as the work has not been copyrighted elsewhere in the United States. Повеќе информации: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/American Samoa

Miscellaneous

Currency

Coins

OK for some but not all

Many but not all coins or bills produced by the United States Mint are in the public domain as works of the Federal Government. Some were designed by third parties who assigned rights to the Mint. These are typically commemorative coins for special occasions and the copyright is described in their marketing materials; another example is the obverse of the golden dollar.[11] The status of each coin or bill should be assessed individually. Please see Commons:Determining if U.S. coins are free to use for help in determining the copyright status of US coinage.

• USMint.gov: Dos and Don’ts for Businesses Interested in Creating, Advertising, and Selling Replicas of US Coins

Banknotes

Во ред

"Color illustrations" of banknotes appear to be permitted if they respect the following conditions (from 18 US Code § 504 and 31 CFR § 411.1):

• the illustration is of a size less than three-fourths or more than one and one-half, in linear dimension, of each part of the item illustrated;
• the illustration is one-sided; and
• all negatives, plates, positives, digitized storage medium, graphic files, magnetic medium, optical storage devices and any other thing used in the making of the illustration that contain an image of the illustration or any part thereof are destroyed and/or deleted or erased after their final use.

• uscurrency.gov – Currency Image Use

Please use {{PD-USGov-money}} for relevant US currency images.

Видете исто така: Category:United States currency-related deletion requests

De minimis

The United States courts interpret the de minimis defense in three distinct ways:

1. Where a technical violation is so trivial that the law will not impose legal consequences;
2. Where the extent of copying falls below the threshold of substantial similarity (always a required element of actionable copying); and
3. In connection with fair use (not relevant here, since Commons does not allow fair use images).

It is the first of these that is often of particular concern on Commons.

As found in Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc., a photograph of a bottle is not a derivative work of its label (though in this particular case, the label also happened to be below the threshold of originality):

“

We need not, however, decide whether the label is copyrightable because Ets-Hokin's product shots are based on the bottle as a whole, not on the label. The whole point of the shots was to capture the bottle in its entirety. The defendants have cited no case holding that a bottle of this nature may be copyrightable, and we are aware of none. Indeed, Skyy's position that photographs of everyday, functional, noncopyrightable objects are subject to analysis as derivative works would deprive both amateur and commercial photographers of their legitimate expectations of copyright protection. Because Ets-Hokin's product shots are shots of the bottle as a whole—a useful article not subject to copyright protection—and not shots merely, or even mainly, of its label, we hold that the bottle does not qualify as a "preexisting work " within the meaning of the Copyright Act. As such, the photos Ets-Hokin took of the bottle cannot be derivative works.

”

Слобода на панорама

OK for buildings only {{FoP-US}}

Buildings are works subject to copyright in the US according to 17 USC 102(a)(8) since the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act was passed in 1990. It applies to all buildings that were completed after December 1, 1990, even if begun before, or where the plans were published after that date.

However, the US federal copyright law explicitly exempts "pictures, paintings, photographs, or other pictorial representations" of copyrighted buildings from the copyright of the building in 17 USC 120(a). Anyone may paint, draw, or photograph buildings from public places. This includes such interior public spaces as lobbies, auditoriums, etc. The creator holds the exclusive copyright to such an image (the architect or owner of the building has no say whatsoever), and may publish the image in any way. 17 USC 120 applies only to architectural works, not to other works of visual art, such as statues or sculptures.

This means that for buildings completed before December 1, 1990, there is complete FoP, without regard to whether the building is visible from a public place, because the building is public domain, except for the plans. For photos of such buildings, the license tag {{PD-US-architecture}} can be used (along with a license tag for the photo.) For buildings completed after December 1, 1990, freedom is given only to photograph such a building. This includes style elements such as gargoyles and pillars, which are protected only from three-dimensional reproduction (Leicester v. Warner Bros.).

Note that copyright applies only to "buildings".

"The term building means structures that are habitable by humans and intended to be both permanent and stationary, such as houses and office buildings, and other permanent and stationary structures designed for human occupancy, including but not limited to churches, museums, gazebos, and garden pavilions."

All such works are copyrighted and, therefore, covered by the FOP exemption only if they are visible from a public place.

"Bridges, cloverleafs, dams, highways or walkways are not ‘buildings’ under the definition of architectural works."

In the US, such works do not have a copyright and therefore may be photographed freely, whether or not from a public place. For images of such works, {{PD-structure|USA}} can be used. They do have copyrights in many other countries.

Originality requirement for architecture

This discussion must be considered qualified by the requirement under US law that a work, including a derivative work, must display originality to be protectable under copyright law. See Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co. in the English Wikipedia. More specifically, in the case of derivative works, it has been held, in Durham Industries, Inc. v. Tomy Corp. and earlier in L. Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder. that a derivative work must be original relative to the underlying work on which it is based. Otherwise, it cannot enjoy copyright protection and copying it will not infringe any copyright of the derivative work itself (although copying it may infringe the copyright, if any, of the underlying work on which the derivative work was based). For further discussion of this issue, see the Wikipedia article Derivative work.

For a legal discussion, see Wikilegal/Pictorial Representations Architectural Works.

Artworks and sculptures

 Not OK. {{NoFoP-US}} (category-only template)

Note: Please tag United States no-FoP for public art deletion requests: <noinclude>[[Category:United States FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>

For artworks, even if permanently installed in public places, the US copyright law has no similar exception, and any publication of an image of a copyrighted artwork thus is subject to the approval of the copyright holder of the artwork. However, public artwork installed before 1929 is considered to be public domain, and can be photographed freely. In addition, any public artwork installed before 1978 without a copyright notice is also in the public domain (unless the copyright owner actively prevented anyone from copying or photographing the work until 1978). In these situations, document the date of installation and the creator (sculptor) of the pictured work as much as possible. (A good resource for finding information about US sculptures is the Smithsonian Art Inventories Catalog.)

Applicable templates:

• For public artwork installed before 1929, use {{PD-US}} or {{PD-US-expired}}.
• For public artwork installed between 1929 and 1977 inclusive, use {{PD-US-no notice}} or {{PD-US-not renewed}}.

The line of argument that a large sculpture or memorial is a building and therefore covered by the FOP exemption was specifically rejected in Federal claims court (Gaylord v. The United States, 2008), which noted that the building exemption to the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act (AWCPA) does not extend to "The Column" sculpture in the Korean War Veterans Memorial because "[t]he structures used in the definition of 'building' by the Copyright Office are intended to house individuals; either for the sake of providing shelter or for another purpose such as religious services."[12] While the court ruled in favor of the defendant under a fair use rationale it was later overturned in favor of the plaintiff; the photograph was deemed a derivative work. The court also contended that had Congress intended to extend the AWCPA to monuments and memorials, the law would have been drafted to reflect that in the first place.

For further legal discussion, see Wikilegal/Copyright of Images of Memorials in the US.

Examples

Charging Bull

• Arts, Briefly; Sculptor Files Lawsuit Against Wal-Mart (September 23, 2006 article by New York Times)
• Suit Alleges Illegal Use of 'Charging Bull' Image (September 22, 2006 article by Los Angeles Times)
• Artist sues Random House in NYC over book cover (August 4, 2009 article by Auction Central News)

Cloud Gate

• Kapoor v. NRA: A Fair Use Analysis (by Creative Law Center)

Korean War Veterans Memorial

• Korea memorial sculptor wins copyright case (September 20, 2013 article by USA Today)
• Gaylord v. United States, 595 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (by US Copyright Office)
• FRANK GAYLORD v. UNITED STATES, No. 06-539C (by United States Court of Federal Claims)

Portlandia

• So Sue Us – Why the Portlandia statue failed to become an icon (September 9, 2014 article by Willamette Week archived on November 27, 2022)

Statue of Liberty replica, New York-New York Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas

• The United States v Davidson—Copyright infringement of a Replica Statue of Liberty. Copyright for creative copycats? (by Infusion Lawyers)
• Judge Eric Bruggink's opinion (by United States Court of Federal Claims)

Three Servicemen or Three Soldiers

• THE THREE SERVICEMAN STATUE USE REQUEST (by Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund)
• Unusual Arrangement Gives Royalties to Sculptor of Vietnam Vets Statue (1987 article by The Associated Press)

For further information, refer to Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US and the following resources:

• 17 USC 120(a)
• Towards a Functional Definition of Publication in Copyright Law
• Travel Photography and the Law
• Information from photostop.istep.com
• American Society of Media Photography on panorama freedom (archive)
• Article in www.sculpture.org on photos of sculptures

For foreign works considered under US law:

Use {{Not-free-US-FOP}}.

Foreign works from countries that have a relevant freedom of panorama may fall under US law for copyright issues within the US. Under the choice-of-law principle lex loci protectionis, US courts might apply US freedom of panorama standards in such cases, rather than the standards of the source country. However, in practice, it is unsettled whether and how this approach would be applied in real-world US legal cases involving freedom of panorama elements.

See {{Not-free-US-FOP}} and Commons:Requests for comment/Non-US Freedom of Panorama under US copyright law.

Algorithmic and AI-created works

In the United States, copyright can only be assigned to "works independently created by a human author"[13]. The copyright office has denied copyright registration to creative works "created by artificial intelligence without any creative contribution from a human actor"[14] and states that "The U.S. Copyright Office will refuse to register a claim in a work that is created through the operation of a machine or process without sufficient human interaction, even if the design is randomly generated" [15].

Stamps

According to Title 17 of the United States Code, the copyright status of stamps depends on when they were first issued.

Before 1978

In the public domain as a work of the federal government. Use {{PD-USGov}}

1978 onward

Copyrighted by the United States Postal Service after 1 January 1978 (the date on which the Copyright Act of 1976 went into effect). Written permission is needed.

Threshold of originality

These images are OK to upload to Commons, because they are below the threshold of originality required for copyright protection.

• 
  Bridgeman v Corel 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999): court ruling that 2D photographs of the original art has no valid claims for new copyrights (case description)
• 
  NFL abandoned its copyright claims on the fleur-de-lis (news report)
• 
  Best Western hotels: Consists of letters plus a simple border. None of these is eligible for copyright protection in United States. (authority)
• 
  DUB magazine: Consists of letters only. None of these is eligible for copyright protection in United States. (authority)
• 
  Nikken USA Inc. (authority)
• 
  Bruce Lee core symbol (authority)
• 
  New York Arrows logo (case report)
• 
  Car Credit City logo: Copyright office ruled this logo too simple to be protected, but a slightly more complicated version (shown in the linked letter) was accepted for registration (authority)
• 
  Symbols for "Myst" (authority)
• 
  Letter S (authority)
• 
  (authority)
• 
  Registration was cancelled (authority)
• 
  Registration refused (authority)
• 
  Ets-Hokin v Skyy Spirits Inc.: Photo is eligible for copyright protection, but not the bottle
• 
  A plastic version lacked originality (L Batlin & Son v. Snyder)
• 
  Koosh balls; "inseparable", OddzOn Products, Inc. v. Oman (case report)
• 
  Map of Arkansas: Addition of shading, colors, labels to a free black and white outline map (case report)
• 
  Avenue of the Saints logo; registration refused despite compilation copyright claim for arrangement of otherwise unprotectable elements (authority)
• 
  Geek Squad logo (authority)
• 
  Subway logo (authority)
• 
  Discover It logo: the Copyright Office found that the elements, including the shading effect, were insufficiently creative to be copyright-eligible (authority)
• 
  Cyberpunk 2077 logo (authority)
• 
  Los Angeles FC logo (authority)
• 
  Nikon logo (authority)
• 
  San Francisco Shock logo (authority)
• 
  Commvault Systems hexagon logo (authority)
• 
  American Made Logo (authority)
• 
  Jamba Juice logo (authority)

Despite repeated requests, the US Copyright Office found the Vodafone speechmark (shaded version) ineligible for copyright protection. It cannot, however, be uploaded to Commons because it's a UK logo.

These are  Not OK to upload to Commons (unless published under a free license by the copyright holder), because they are above the threshold of originality required for copyright protection.

• These two "no soliciting" signs, although arguably relatively simple, have been issued copyright registration numbers by the United States Copyright Office, which means that they have been reviewed and determined to be eligible for copyright protection. It should be noted that the copyright registration applies to the images as a whole, including their borders.
• A variant of File:CarCreditCity.png with an extra border.
• American Airlines flight symbol VA0002130520; Copyright Office initially refused copyright as being just below the threshold, but upon a higher-resolution submission of the artwork, decided that the shading plus the arrangement pushed the logo just above the threshold and granted a registration. (DR)

• w:File:Disney Junior.svg (VA0001927957).
• w:File:Prince logo.svg (VA0000832222).
• The "Omega Globe Design" (VAu000574660) was assumed to be copyrightable by the Ninth Circuit US Court of Appeals.
• Works from other countries which are above the threshold of originality of the United States but below the threshold of originality of the source country (Hasbro Bradley, Inc. v. Sparkle Toys, Inc.)
• New "pan and scan" versions of films where a widescreen film has been resized to fit the size of a TV screen even if the existing widescreen film is uncopyrighted (Maljack Productions, Inc. v. UAV Corp.)

• In 1951, this mezzotint reproduction of an existing uncopyrighted painting was found to be copyrightable.
• The clothing designs found on pp. 4–5 of the Sixth Circuit's decision in Varsity Brands et al. v. Star Athletica (2015).
• The PAC 12 shield logo en:File:Pac-12 logo.svg (V3617D047).

• 
  VA0001789579 (and CC-BY 3.0)

• File:Five-element-cycles.jpg ([16]): The arrangement is under a copyright, according to WMF Legal.
• w:File:BP Helios logo.svg is eligible for copyright in the US according to WMF legal, though "not by a lot, but just enough". Note that Commons policy on the country of origin requires this logo to be judged by UK standards. The creativity needed for copyright protection in the UK and most other common law countries is much lower; legal only commented on the threshold of originality in the United States.
• File:REMAX hot air balloon logo.svg: The logo was denied copyright registration as a trivial simplification of an earlier 1998 logo. However, that does not mean that the work as a whole is uncopyrightable; it is still a derivative work of the original logo, and DR consensus was that unlike File:Mickey Mouse head and ears.svg, the derivative still had sufficient creative elements to be copyrightable.

• 
  VA0001427710 (and Apache License 2.0)
• 
  VA0001950611 (and Apache License 2.0)

• w:File:PBS logo.svg and w:File:PBS (1984-2019) logo.svg: The PBS logo (VA0001310087). Also see DR1 and DR2
• Juneteenth flag (on English Wikipedia as en:File:Juneteenth flag.webp) (VAu000488555)

Paintings

 Not OK for most paintings.

Even seemingly simple paintings consisting of geometric shapes are often copyrighted due to details that may not be immediately obvious to the viewer.

• Photographic reproductions of paintings by Mark Rothko have been granted registration by the US Copyright Office, so it is reasonable to assume that the original works are also copyrighted.
  • Red, white and brown (VA0000089094)

Other

Although the threshold of originality for non-graphic works (such as architecture and sound recordings) follow the same standards, such cases can be difficult to determine.

• The five-note melody that typically accompanies Intel's logo was granted copyright protection because it "combined and blended synthesized, digital sounds" and was "refined and mastered with a special spatial enhancer."
• Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate is a relatively simple 3D sculpture that was deemed eligible for copyright (VA0001983425)
• The replica of public domain object Statue of Liberty in New York-New York Hotel and Casino is deemed eligible for copyright, also the United States Postal Service is being sued for copyright infringement for famously (and mistakenly) using this statue instead of the real Statue of Liberty on its Forever stamps. (VAu001149387 and VA0001882070) also see (DR1) (DR2)

Signatures

OK for a typical signature. In Copyright circular Number 1 the US Copyright Office sets out a list of things on which copyright protection cannot be granted, including "Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; and mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring."

The US Copyright Compendium, chapter 503.02(2) states that copyright will be denied to a character of Chinese calligraphy painted upon horizontally striated grass cloth. It states that "like typography, calligraphy is not copyrightable as such, notwithstanding the effect achieved by calligraphic brush strokes across a striated surface". Thus, it appears that calligraphy cannot be protected and, by analogy, signatures.

In Commons talk:Licensing/Archive 11#Autographs.2Fsignatures, there is a reference to User:BrokenSphere having sent an email to the US Copyright Office, and receiving the reply "A signature is not protected by copyright".

If the signature is sufficiently complex to be considered a protectable artistic work in the US (akin to a non-trivial drawing), it cannot be hosted on Commons regardless of the position under local law unless it has been licensed under a compatible license or would have fallen into the public domain under some other rule (e.g. expiration of copyright).

Copyright formalities

Works published in the United States before certain dates require an increasingly stringent level of compliance with copyright formalities in order to remain copyrighted; otherwise, they fall into the public domain. This section attempts to describe these cases in detail.

Not renewed (before 1964)

In order to conclude that a work is {{PD-US-not-renewed}}, a thorough search of the copyright registry must be performed.

If a work is based on a previously published work which has been renewed, failure to renew copyright in the derivative work would only cause the additional expression present in the derivative work to fall into the public domain, so the derivative work as a whole remains copyrighted. An example is It's a Wonderful Life#Ownership and copyright issues, where the film's copyright failed to be renewed due to a clerical error, but as it was based on a short story called The Greatest Gift which was properly renewed, the film remains copyrighted. For this specific case, it is generally acceptable to upload individual screenshots of the film since their reliance on the story is minimal, but not video of the film.

No notice (before 1978)

In order to conclude that a work is {{PD-US-no notice}}, care must be exercised to ensure that the work truly has no copyright notice. In general, finding an image of a two-dimensional work (which would fall under {{PD-scan}} if the original work is public domain) on the Internet with no notice does not prove that it has no notice, as there could be a notice on the original hard copy, such as on a part of the page cropped out of the scan, on the back side of the page, or on a different page if the work came from a book/pamphlet. For memorabilia such as postcards, auction sites such as eBay can be a good resource to find images of the full item on both sides. For public art installed prior to 1978, the mere act of placing it in public view where people can make copies constitutes publication. For a photo of public art, a combination of the photo itself, other photos on the Internet (which need not be freely licensed, so long as there is no reason to doubt their authenticity), and mapping services like Google Street View can be used to establish the lack of a copyright notice. The Smithsonian Art Catalog is a useful resource for finding information about artworks. See Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US for more details.

The situation can become extremely complicated if a work is distributed via multiple authorized channels, only some of which carry a notice. According to the Copyright Act of 1909, "Where the copyright proprietor has sought to comply with the provisions of this title with respect to notice, the omission by accident or mistake of the prescribed notice from a particular copy or copies shall not invalidate the copyright or prevent recovery for infringement against any person who, after actual notice of the copyright, begins an undertaking to infringe it, but shall prevent the recovery of damages against an innocent infringer who has been misled by the omission of the notice; and in a suit for infringement no permanent injunction shall be had unless the copyright proprietor shall reimburse to the innocent infringer his reasonable outlay innocently incurred if the court, in its discretion, shall so direct." The 1973 Copyright Compendium explains in greater detail:

“

If the Office is informed that the great bulk at the published copies of a work bore an appropriate notice, but that the notice was accidentally omitted from a very few of the published copies, registration may be made. In such cases, if the deposit copies do not bear the notice, copies with the notice will be requested. If a considerable number of copies have been pub­lished without notice, registration will be denied. If the entire first edition of a work was published without notice, registration will be denied even if the first edition consisted of a relatively small number of copies.

”

As in the renewal case, failure to include a notice on a derivative work does not invalidate the copyright on the original work, so in such a case neither the original nor the derivative can be uploaded to Commons. However, a fully original portion of the derivative work (if possible to isolate, which is not always the case) would be acceptable.

If there is a notice but it fails to comply with certain constraints, it may fall under {{PD-US-defective notice}}. The most basic requirements are given in the text of the copyright tag, but for more details see the 1973 Copyright Compendium.

No notice and unregistered (before March 1989)

In order to conclude that a work is {{PD-US-1978-89}}, the requirements of the previous section must be met, and a thorough search of the copyright registry over the next five years must be performed.

Regarding the specific definition of "no notice", the 1984 Copyright Compendium is similar to the 1973 edition:

“

Omission of copyright notice. Where the notice is omitted from more than a relatively small number of copies or phonorecords distributed by authority of the copyright owner, and registration is being made within five years of the date of publication without notice, the Copyright Office may warn that the law requires, in addition to registration, that a reasonable effort must be made to add the notice to all copies or phonorecords that are distributed to the public in the United States after the omission has been discovered. See 17 U.S.C. 405(a). Registration. Registration is not possible for works published without notice or with a fatally deficient notice by authority of the copyright owner, if more than five years have elapsed since such publication. There are, however two exceptions to this general rule: 1) where the notice has been omitted from no more than a relatively small number of copies or phonorecords distributed to the public; or 2) where the notice has been omitted in vio­lation of an express requirement in writing that, as a condition of the copyright owner's authorization of the public distribution of copies or phonorecords, they contain the prescribed copyright notice. In these two instances, there is no need for registration to correct the omission. Registration in these cases may be made at any time during the subsistence of the copyright. See 17 U.S.C. 405(a).

”

If there is a notice but it fails to comply with certain constraints, it may fall under {{PD-US-defective notice-1978-89}}. The basic requirements are given in the text of the copyright tag.

Citations

External links

• Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States Cornell University Library Copyright Information Center
• Copyright Catalog (1978 to present)
• USA.gov's list of public government domains and URLs that don't end in .gov or .mil

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. Видете исто така: Commons:General disclaimer

Текстот е превметнат од
COM:Saint-Pierre and Miquelon

Свети Петар и Микелон

Друг регион, како на пр. зависна територија, сојуз, поранешна држава

Location of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon

Saint-Pierre and Miquelon is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France. It is in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

The same copyright laws apply as in the rest of France.

Copyright tags

Повеќе информации: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/mk#TAG

Currency

Повеќе информации: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/mk#CUR

Freedom of panorama

Повеќе информации: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/mk#FOP

Stamps

Повеќе информации: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/mk#поштенски марки

See also

• Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/mk

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. Видете исто така: Commons:General disclaimer