File:Pink Grotto - boulder rubble in calcarenitic limestone (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) 3 (16392010535).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionPink Grotto - boulder rubble in calcarenitic limestone (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) 3 (16392010535).jpg |
Beach boulder paleorubble clasts cemented in aragonitic calcarenite limestone at Pink Grotto, southwestern San Salvador Island, eastern Bahamas. Pink Grotto is an erosional recess with overhanging rocks, hosted in aragonitic, oolitic calcarenite limestones of the Cockburn Town Member of the Grotto Beach Formation (Upper Pleistocene). This cave is likely a breached flank margin cave. Flank margin caves form at the flanks of carbonate islands and at the margins of fresh-groundwater lenses. As such, flank margin caves are phreatic features. In the vicinity of the seawater-freshwater mixing zone (halocline) of a groundwater lens (see diagram - www.carbonatecreek.com/caves/images/carbisland.gif), relatively rapid dissolution of limestone occurs due to the high aggressivity of the water. If this feature is a breached flank margin cave, limestone dissolution at Pink Grotto would have occurred during the MIS 5e highstand (early Late Pleistocene ~119-131 ka). Flank margin caves have no surface entrances. Access to them occurs only after surficial erosion intercepts chambers or passages. Pink Grotto occurs along a wave-cut, paleo-sea cliff formed during the mid-Holocene. The name is in reference to its pinkish-colored ceiling (due to algae). The basal wall of Pink Grotto have herringbone cross-stratified aragonitic calcarenite limestones (shallow subtidal facies), overlain by a unit having beach boulder paleorubble clasts cemented into beach facies calcarenites (see above photo). The upper walls and ceiling have calcarenitic eolianite limestones. |
Date | |
Source | Pink Grotto - boulder rubble in calcarenitic limestone (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) 3 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by jsj1771 at https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/16392010535. It was reviewed on 2 March 2015 by FlickreviewR and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
2 March 2015
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/2.8 |
ISO speed rating | 250 |
Date and time of data generation | 10:42, 13 March 2013 |
Lens focal length | 6.2 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS2 Macintosh |
File change date and time | 07:34, 21 January 2015 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 10:42, 13 March 2013 |
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Image compression mode | 2 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 2.96875 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, compulsory flash firing, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Image width | 4,000 px |
Image height | 3,000 px |
Date metadata was last modified | 02:34, 21 January 2015 |
IIM version | 2 |