File:The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London (13206068703).jpg

184/.. VICARY ON THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SINDE. 339
Fig. 1
The clays and conglomerate gradually thin off and cease at about
the sixth mile from Guggul, and are replaced at the surface by an
arenaceo-calcareous rock agreeing closely with No. 6. The descent
from the cliff is effected by the Rund Pass, and the elevation above
the Maulmaree river may be about 450 to 500 feet. Near the pass
there are many scattered islet-like plateaux of small elevation, and
appearing as if they had been subjected to the action of water ; their
overhanging margins were in some places bored by saxicavous mol-
lusks. An examination of the cliff (although its base was usually
obscured by debris) showed that the lower beds become still more
arenaceous, until they assume the form of a fine-grained, pale yellow
sandstone ; beneath this there is a variegated (red, white and blue)
laminated clay, apparently devoid of fossils. In the debris at the
base of the cliff I found some fossil bones evidently disengaged from
the arenaceous rock above, as they differ greatly from the fossil bones
usually fomid in Sinde, which for the most part owe their hardness
to hydrate of iron. The bones found here are soft and with a cal-
careous infiltration. Many of them appear to have lain at the bottom
of the sea previous to fossilization, have been rolled by the action of
currents, and are occasionally pierced by boring mollusks. The fossil
most abundant in the lower part of this rock is an Ostrea with the
upper valve flat and smooth, the lower concave and costate, and
evidently a gregarious species. A very large Pectenalso occurs, upon
which I shall make some remarks hereafter. Nummulites are very
rare, but Clypeastra and Spatangi most abundant. Hence I followed
the course of the river bed in a northerly direction along the base of
the " Bubbera Steppe" for about seven miles. In the sands and gravel
of the river I found innumerable detached nummulites, which are
often carried forward even to the Indus, and are doubtless brought
down from the Hala Range. The Maulmaree during rain becomes
an impetuous and impassable torrent.
The fossils of the Bubbera Steppe are almost obliterated, appa-
rently by the former action of heat. At the time when the steppe
was uplifted, a portion of rock about 200 yards in length was left in
a mural and almost perpendicular position, and is now about sixty
yards from the general line of the Bubbera Steppe. The intervening
space is characterized by calcined clays and broken masses of a vitri-
fied arenaceous rock.
In examining the hills to the eastward of the Maulmaree, I found
a pale yellow arenaceous limestone with nummulites (No. 7) lying
immediately beneath the coarse non-nummulitic rock of Kurrachee