File:NLC416-01jh002182-78860 人口論.pdf

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人口論   (Wikidata search (Cirrus search) Wikidata query (SPARQL)  Create new Wikidata item based on this file)
Author
〔英〕馬爾薩斯(T. R. Malthus)著
image of artwork listed in title parameter on this page
Title
人口論
Publisher
世界書局
Description

共19章。主要思想為：人口按幾何級數增長，食物以算術級數增長，形成人口過剩，導致貧窮和犯罪

目錄
第一章
問題的提出
相反二派的敵意，使這問題幾乎沒有解決的希望
反對人類及社會完成可能性的主要議論，訖未曾圓滿答覆
人口增加所惹起的困難之性質
全書主要議論的大綱。
第二章
人口及食物的增加率不同
這二增加率不同必然會生出的結果
此等結果在社會下層階級狀況上所生出的一進一退情形
為什麼理由這一進一退的情形不能如所期望的被人注意
此書一般議論所根據的三個命題
提議就這三個命題，考究各種已知的人類生存狀況。
第三章
略略考察未開化的或狩獵的狀態
牧畜國或侵略羅馬帝國的未開化民族
人口增加力優於生活資料增加力
北方移民大潮的原因。
第四章
文明國的狀態
歐羅巴現在比鳩里·凱撒時代的人口，也許是遙較為多
計算人口的最好標準
休謨所提倡的人口計算標準，其中有一個，也許是錯誤的
歐洲現在大多數國家，人口增加都很遲緩
第一個妨礙或預防的妨礙，就英吉利的情形來考察。
第五章
第二個妨礙或積極的妨礙就英吉利的情形來考察
何故在英吉利徵集了這麼大的金額仍不能改善貧民狀況
救貧法之有力趨勢，是取消它自身的目的
緩和貧民困苦的方案
根據我們本性的固定法則，要由社會下層階級，完全除去貧乏的壓迫，是絕對不可能的
對人口增加的一切妨礙，都可還原作貧窮與罪惡
第六章
新殖民地
那裡人口迅速增加的理由
北美殖民地
阿美利加腹部殖民地人口異常增加的實例
舊國要從戰爭疫癘饑饉或自然激變的荒廢，回復過來，亦是很迅速的
第七章
流行病的一個蓋然的原因
薩士米爾齊表的摘要
在一定場合可以預期的疾病季的周期循環
任一國短時期內誕生數對埋葬數的比例，不足為人口真實平均增加的規准
人口永續增加的最好的規准
生活上的大節儉，是中國印度饑饉的一個原因
庇特氏救貧法案中一個條文的罪惡傾向
獎勵人口增加唯一適當的方法
國民幸福的原因
饑饉，自然壓制人口過剩的最後方法及最可怕方法
認上述三命題已經確立。
第八章
沃拉斯氏
設想由人口增加而引起的困難為期尚遙之錯誤
康多塞氏關於人類進步的主張
據康多塞氏說明，這一進一退運動應在什麼時期，運用於人類
第九章
關於人類生理完成可能性及人類壽命的無限延長性，康多塞氏的推測
以動物的繁殖，植物的栽培為例，說明由局部改善推論進步無限，是一個謬誤，雖然局部改善的界限不能確定。
第十章
高德文氏的平等制度
以人類一切罪惡歸於人類制度之錯誤
高德文氏對人口所生困難的第一個解答，是全然不充分的
高德文氏的美麗的平等制度，被假設是實現了的
單有人口原理，已可在三十年那樣短期間內，把這制度完全推翻。
第十一章
高德文氏推測，兩性間情慾未來會消滅
這種推測，沒有明白的根據
愛欲不與理性或德性相矛盾。
第十二章
人壽無限延長，高德文氏的推測
精神刺激對人體是有影響的，但從此推得的推論，卻是不適當的，以各種事實為證
不以過去事實為根據的推測，不能說是哲學的推測
高德文氏康多塞氏推測世間人類日近於不死這，是懷疑主義不合理的例。
第十三章
高德文氏視人類只有理性，是一個謬誤
人是一種合成的存在物，在悟性的決定上，情慾常常是一種擾亂的勢力
高德文氏關於強制問題的推理
性質不能由一人傳達他人是真理
第十四章
高德文氏全書所系的關於政治真理的五個命題，均不曾確證
依人口原理而起之困難，何以會使人類的罪惡及道德上的弱點，不能全然絕根，我舉出了幾種理由
高德文氏所謂完成可能性，不能適用於人類
人類的真實的完成可能性，其性質如何。
第十五章
過於完全的模本，有時候，與其說會促進改善，不如說會妨礙改善
高德文氏論貪慾與浪費
社會的必要勞動，要適當的分配於一切人，乃不可能
對勞動的護嘲，可以惹起現在的惡，但沒有或幾乎沒有機會惹起未來的善
農業勞動總量的增加，對於勞動者，常常是一種利益。
第十六章
亞當斯密博士認社會收入或資財的一切增加，都是維持勞動的基金的增加，也許是錯誤的
財富增加不能改善勞動貧民境況的例
英吉利財富增加了，但維持勞動的基金，沒有比例的增加
中國貧民的狀況，雖有製造業使財富增加，亦不會改善。
第十七章
什麼是一國財富之適當的定義
法蘭西經濟學者認一切製造業者為不生產勞動者，他們的理由，不是真的理由
工匠及製造業者的勞動，對國家雖然是不生產的，對個人卻充分是生產的
蒲勒士博士二卷觀察中一段可注意的話
蒲勒士博士以美洲的幸福及人口增加迅速，主要歸因於其特殊文明狀態，乃是謬誤
閉起眼來不看社會改良途中的困難，不能希望生出何等利益。
第十八章
人口原理所引出的困難，施人類以不斷的壓迫，從而使我們希望來世
神預知的觀念，與試煉的狀態不相容
此世界也許是喚醒物質成為精神的偉大過程
精神成立的理論
肉體的欲求及從此發生的刺激
一般法則的作用及從此發生的刺激
人口原理所引出的生活困難及從此發生的刺激。
第十九章
人生的悲哀，乃心情溫柔化慈悲化所必要
社會同情心的刺激，往往可以生出一種品性，比僅有才能的品性，更為高貴
要生出道德上的善，道德上的惡也許是必要的
由理智欲求而來的刺激，因自然無限變化，形上問題含有曖昧的原故，得繼續維持
天啟的困難，由這原理說明它
聖經包含的證據程度，也許最宜於人間官能的改良及人類道德的改善
精神創於刺激的觀念，似乎說明了自然的惡及道德的惡何以存在。
附 原名

Language Chinese
Publication date 民國22[1933]
Source
institution QS:P195,Q732353
(民國時期文獻 民國圖書)
館藏信息
InfoField
C908/MES
主題
InfoField
人口論
中圖分類
InfoField
C92
載體形態
InfoField
185頁

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