Holy Roman Empire

**Holy Roman Empire**
	multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe (800/962–1806)
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Instance of	empire (962–1806); sovereign state (962–1806);
Named after	Roman Empire;
Location	Holy Roman Empire;
Capital	Wetzlar (Reichskammergericht, 1689–); Prague (1583–1611); Regensburg (Imperial Diet, Perpetual Diet of Regensburg, 1594–); Vienna (Aulic Council, 1497–); Prague (1346–1437); Aachen (962–1346);
Basic form of government	elective monarchy; federal monarchy;
Legislative body	Imperial Diet;
Official language	Latin; German; Italian; Czech; Hungarian; Polish;
Anthem	Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (1797–1806);
Currency	ducat;
Has part(s)	Burgraviate of Nuremberg; Principality of Lüneburg; Duchy of Saxony;
Inception	2 February 962;
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date	6 August 1806;
Population	40,000,000 (1806);
Religion or worldview	Catholic Church; Lutheranism (1555–); Reformed Christianity (1648–);
Follows	Middle Francia; East Francia; Kingdom of Germany;
Followed by	Confederation of the Rhine; Austrian Empire; Kingdom of Prussia; Kingdom of Saxony; Duchy of Holstein; Duchy of Oldenburg; Hamburg; Principality of Reuss-Greiz; Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; Swedish Pomerania; Electorate of Hesse; Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda; Principality of Waldeck; Saxe-Weimar; Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg; Grand Duchy of Baden; Kingdom of Württemberg;
Replaces	Kingdom of Germany; East Francia (962);
Replaced by	Confederation of the Rhine (1806); Kingdom of Prussia (1806); Austrian Empire (1806);
	50° 00′ 00″ N, 10° 00′ 00″ E
Authority file
	Q12548; ISNI: 0000000120970723; VIAF cluster ID: 122772486; GND ID: 2035457-5; Library of Congress authority ID: n79060589; Bibliothèque nationale de France ID: 119892069; IdRef ID: 027961680; NDL Authority ID: 00571138; NL CR AUT ID: ge131010; HDS ID: 006626; SELIBR ID: 160114; BabelNet ID: 00044477n; Libris-URI: ljx0z1144vx48rz; National Library of Poland MMS ID: 9810561312905606; National Library of Israel J9U ID: 987007562088205171; OpenHistoricalMap relation ID: 2750624, 2805484, 2750623, 2806831, 2831111, 2815362; OesterreichWiki ID: 33737; Stadtwiki Dresden article: Heiliges_Römisches_Reich
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<nowiki>Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico; Cysŏrstwo Rzimske nŏrodu Niymieckigo; Heilaga rómverska ríkið; Empayar Suci Rom; Сыгъдæг Ромы импери; Holy Roman Empire; سپېڅلې روم امپراتوري; مقدس رومی سلطنت; مقدس رومی سلطنت; Rímsko-nemecká ríša; Священна Римська імперія; Mukaddes Rim imperiýasy; 神圣罗马帝国; Heiligs Römischs Riich; Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi; পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য; Свето Римско Царство; Heiligs Römischs Reich Daitscha Nazion; Sacru Emperiu Romanu Germánicu; Saint-Empire romain germanique; Sveto Rimsko Carstvo; पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्य; Švėntuojė Ruomas imperėjė; Свето римско царство; Hellegt Réimescht Räich vun Däitscher Natioun; Det tysk-romerske rike; Müqəddəs Roma imperiyası; Holy Roman Samrajya; Muqaddes Roma imperiyası; 神聖羅馬帝國; Pase Saksalâš-Roomalâš kiäisárkodde; الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة; Impalaeriezh santel roman german; မြင့်မြတ်သော ရောမအင်ပါယာ; 神聖羅馬帝國; «Ыйык Рим империясы»; Sṳ̀n-sṳn Lò-mâ Ti-koet; Sacru Imperiu Romanu Xermánicu; Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic; Heiliges Römisches Reich; yr Ymerodraeth Lân Rufeinig; Sacro Romà Impéro; Perandoria e Shenjtë Romake; امپراتوری مقدس روم; 神聖羅馬帝國; Tysk-romerske rige; საღვთო რომის იმპერია; 神聖ローマ帝国; Sacre Imperio Roman; Daular Roma Mai Tsarki; الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسه; Sacrum Romanum Imperium; पवित्र रोम साम्राज्य; 神圣罗马帝国; Pyhä saksalais-roomalainen keisarikunta; Sint Impire Romin Djermanike; Holy Roman Empire; لإمبراطورية الرومانية لمقدسة; Illig Rôoms Ryk; Сьвятая Рымская імпэрыя; Sacru Rumanu Mpiru; Hailisch Reemisch Raisch vun de Daitsch Nadzion; จักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์; Sveto Rimsko Carstvo; Sacro Impeo Roman; Hillige Roomske Riek; Sacro Roman Inpero; روم مقدس ایمپراتوری; Свещена Римска империя; Sfântul Imperiu Roman; 神聖羅馬帝國; Dola Takatifu la Kiroma; Empira Jermanika Masina; Tysk-romerska riket; Αγία Ρωμαϊκή Αυτοκρατορία; Սրբազան Հռոմեական կայսրություն; An Emperoureth Romanek Sans; Имперотурии Муқаддаси Рум; Santa Romana Imperio; ຈັກກະວັດໂລມັນອັນສັກສິດ; 신성 로마 제국; Heilaga rómverska ríkið; Sankta Romia Imperio; an Impireacht Naofa Rómhánach; Hillig Röömsch Riek vun Düütsche Natschoon; مقدس رومی سلطنت; Digoz Lozmaj Sinzswng; Muqaddes Roma imperiyası; Kekaisaran Romawi Suci; Сăваплăхлă Рим империйĕ; Kutsal Roma Cermen İmparatorluğu; Swěte Romske mócnaŕstwo; Heilige Roomse Rijk; הייליגע רוימישע אימפעריע; വിശുദ്ധ റോമാസാമ്രാജ്യം; Swjate romske mócnarstwo; Đế quốc La Mã Thần thánh; Sacro Imperio Román Chermanico; Svētā Romas impērija; Nasantuan nga Imperio a Romano; Kekaisaran Romawi Suci; Священна римска імперія; Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu; Sacro Império Romano-Germânico; Holy Roman Empire; Ариун Ромын эзэнт гүрэн; Det tysk-romerske riket; Baraan nga Imperyo Romano; Sacher Imper Roman; Kakaisaran Romawi Suci; S'aksa-Rooma riik; Սրբազան Հռոմէական կայսրութիւն; ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕۆمیی پیرۆز; Holy Roman Empire; Šventoji Romos imperija; Rróma ha Heymáña Mburuvi Marangatu; पवित्र रोम साम्राज्य; ߙߐ߭ߡߎ߲߬ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߓߛߍ; Heilige Romeinse Ryk; Német-római Birodalom; «ቅዱስ ሮማዊ መንግሥት»; Hāliȝ Rōmānisc Rīce; Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santua; Арюун Ромын эзэнтэ гүрэн; Sveto Rimsko Carstvo; Священная Римская империя; Изге Рим империяһы; Uoli Ruoman Empaya; Сийлахь Руман импери; Свяшчэнная Рымская імперыя; Svatá říše římská; Heilige Roomse Riek; împeratoriya Romê ya Pîroz; Sant Empèri Roman Germanic; Imperi Roman Sacrà; Sontg Imperi roman; Saint-Empire romain germanique; مقدس روم ژرمن ایمپراتورلوغو; পবিত্র রোমান সাম্রাজ্য; האימפריה הרומית הקדושה; Изге Рум империясе; Halag Röömsk Rik; ចក្រភពរ៉ូម៉ាំងពិសិដ្ឋ; హోలీ రోమన్ ఎంపైర్; Sacro Ampério Romano-Germánico; Muqaddes Rim imperiyası; Heiliges Römisches Reich deutscher Nation; yn Impiraght Raueagh Vannee; Sèng Lô-má Tè-kok; Sacro Romano Impero; Heilig Roeams Riek; Sent-Ampir romen jermanik; Sen Anpi Women; Saksa-Rooma riik; Svātuo Rūmys Impēreja; Пак тир Рим империя; Impero Roman Santa; Sacru Romanu Impèriu; Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù Mímọ́; Heiliges Römisches Reich; Sacro Império Romano-Germânico; Imperu Ruman Qaddis; 神聖羅馬帝國; Sant-Empiro romen gèrmanico; पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्य; Sveto rimsko cesarstvo; Banal na Imperyong Romano; împeratoriya Romê ya Pîroz; Қасиетті Рим империясы; Sacri Roman Imperi; Święte Cesarstwo Rzymskie; Ìmpireachd Naomh na Ròimhe; 神聖羅馬帝國; საღორონთო რომიშ იმპერია; Улуу Риим импиэрийэтэ; پوتر رومي سلطنت; Hillige Roomske Ryk; Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico; புனித உரோமைப் பேரரசு; 神圣罗马帝国; Holy Roman Empire; ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߕߌ߲߬ߞߎ߬ߘߎ߲߬ ߓߟߏߘߏ߲߬ߣߍ߲ߢߐ߲߰ߓߟߏ ߓߘߍ߬ߓߘߍ߬ߟߌ ߛߌߟߊ ߝߍ߬߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ ߉߆߂ ߡߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߛߌ߰ ߁߈߀߆ ߟߊ߫; a német-római császár uralkodási területe (962–1806); agrupación política d'Europa (962–1802); межгосударственное образование, существовавшее с 962 по 1806 годы; Herrschaftsbereich der römisch-deutschen Kaiser (962–1806); гістарычнае дзяржаўнае ўтварэнне, якое існавала з 962 па 1806 гады і аб’ядноўвала многія тэрыторыі Еўропы; حکومتی متشکل از مجموعه قلمرو‌های چند ملیتی در اروپای مرکزی (۹۶۲–۱۸۰۶); 歐洲歷史國家（962－1806），在公元800年查理大帝到羅馬被教宗良三世加冕後正式成立; Avrupa'da 962-1806 yılları arasında hüküm sürmüş bir devletçikler bütünü; 現在のドイツ、オーストリア、チェコ、イタリア北部を中心に存在していた国家; varierande komplex av landområden i Centraleuropa mellan 962 och 1806; ישות מדינית שהתקיימה במרכז אירופה ובמערבה לאורך ימי הביניים; 歐洲歷史國家（962－1806），在公元800年查理大帝到羅馬被教宗良三世加冕後正式成立; komplexa uniono politikala di central Europala teritorii, qua existis de 962 til 1806; de Herrschaftsberiich vo de römisch-dütsche Kaiser; keskieurooppalainen valtakunta keskiajalta 1800-luvulle; Міждержавне утворення, що існувало в Центральній Європі від 962 до 1806 року; landaro en centra Eŭropo, regita de imperiestro, fondita je 962 kaj malfondita je 1806; historický státní útvar; یورپ کی سابقہ سلطنتیں (962-1806); ard-hroggalys politickagh jeh thallooyn yl-chynneeagh ayns sheear as mean yn Oarpey veih 962 derrey 1806; মধ্য ও পূর্ব ইউরোপের পূর্ববর্তি সাম্রাজ্য (৯৬২–১৮০৬); regroupement politique de terres d’Europe occidentale et centrale, de 962 à 1806; กลุ่มดินแดนพหุชาติอันซับซ้อนซึ่งตั้งอยู่ในทวีปยุโรปตอนกลางและตะวันตก (ค.ศ. 800/962–1806); višeetnički skup teritorija u zapadnoj i središnjoj Europi (800./962. – 1806.); multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe (800/962–1806); дзяржаўнае ўтварэньне, якое існавала з 962 па 1806 гады й аб’ядноўвала шматлікія тэрыторыі Эўропы; agrupación política de Europa (962–1806); confederació d'estats centreeuropeus, sovint de població germànica (800-1806); په لویدیځ او مرکزي اروپا کې د سیمو څو توکمیز پیچلتیا (800/962-1806); historiski stat w srjedźnej Europje; complexo multiétnico de territórios na Europa Ocidental e Central (800/962–1806); territorji fl-Ewropa tal-Punent u Ċentrali (800 - 1806); Valsts Eiropā no 962. līdz 1806. gadam; nagdaliasatan nga imperio a rimsua idi 962 aginggana idi 1806 idiay Tengnga nga Europa; међудржавна творевина, која је постојала од 962. до 1806. године; rijk in Centraal-Europa; Chính thể ở châu Âu (800/962–1806); complexo multiétnico de territórios na Europa Ocidental e Central (800/962–1806); bekas negara di Eropa Tengah; Herrschaftsberäich vu réimesch-däitsche Keeseren (962-1806); wielopaństwowy twór polityczny (Europa; 962–1806); 843–1806; 成立於西元962年的歐洲國家、史稱「德意志第一帝國」; 중앙 유럽에서 존재했던 제국; imperiu multietnic cu teritorii în Europa Vestică și Centrală (962–1806); यूरोप के पूर्ववर्ती साम्राज्य (962-1806); ئیمپراتۆریەتێک بوو لە نێوان ساڵانی ٨٠٠ز–٩٦٢ز دامەزرا و لە ساڵی ١٨٠٦ز لەسەر دەستی ناپلیۆن ڕووخا; entidade política da Europa occidental e central na Idade Media; أمبراطورية أوروبية سابقة; 欧洲历史国家（962－1806）; agglomerato di territori dell'Europa centrale e occidentale esistito dall'800 al 1806; Sacro Imperio Romano Germanico; Imperio Romano; Primer Reich; Imperio antiguo; Imperio Romano Germánico; SRM; Swjate romske mócnarstwo němskeho naroda; HRR; Sacrum Imperium Romanum; Német-római Császárság; Szent Római Birodalom; A Német Nemzet Szent Római Birodalma; Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae; Saint-Empire romain de la nation germanique; Premier Reich; Vieil Empire; Saint-Empire romain; SERG; S.E.R.G.; Sveto Rimsko Carstvo Njemačke Narodnosti; Rimsko-Njemačko Carstvo; Sveto Rimsko Carstvo Njemačkoga Naroda; Prvi Reich; الامبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة; الامبراطورية الرومية; الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسة; الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسة الاولى; إمبراطورية رومانية مقدسة; الإمبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسه; Impireacht Naofa na Róimhe; Naomh-Impireacht Rómhánach; An Naomh-Impireacht Rómhánach; Impireacht Naofa Rómhánach; Primo Reich; SRI; Священная Римская империя германской нации; СРИГН; Первый рейх; Священная Римская Империя; Священная римская империя; Первый Рейх; Римско-Германская империя; Кризис позднего Средневековья в Священной Римской империи; Римская империя германской нации; I Рейх; СРИ; Цезария; Священная Римская Империя Германской Нации; Государственный строй Священной Римской империи; Священноримская империя; Heliga Romerska riket; HRR; Heliga romerska riket av tysk nation; Reich der Deutschen; HRR; Sacrum Imperium Romanum; Römisch-Deutsches Reich; Sacrum Imperium; Heiliges römisches Reich deutscher Nation; Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae; H.R.R.; HRRdN; Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicae; Erstes Reich; Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation; Império Sacro-Romano; Império Sacro-Romano-Germânico; Sacro Império Romano; Свяшчэнная Рымская імперыя германскай нацыі; امپراتوری روم مقدس; 神圣罗马帝国; 德意志民族神聖羅馬帝國; 日耳曼民族神聖羅馬帝國; 神羅; Det tysk-romerske Rige; Hellig Romerske Rige; HRR; H.R.R.; Primul Reich; Imperiul Romano-German; ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ߫ ߞߘߐ; Império Sacro-Romano; Império Sacro-Romano-Germânico; Sacro Império Romano; Primeiro Reich; Империяи Муқаддаси Рим; จักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์แห่งชาติเยอรมัน; ไรซ์ที่หนึ่ง; จักรวรรดิโรมัน-เยอรมัน; I Rzesza; Stara Rzesza; Cesarstwo rzymsko-niemieckie; Pierwsza Rzesza Niemiecka; Перший Райх; Священна Римська імперія германської нації; HRR; 德意志民族神聖羅馬帝國或日耳曼民族神聖羅馬帝國; Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicæ; Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae; Sacrum Romanum imperium; Imperium Romanum Sacrum Nationis Germanicae; هولي رومن ايمپائر; مقدس رومي سلطنت; yn Impiraght Romanagh Vannee; yn Impiraght Raueagh Noo; yn Impiraght Romanagh Noo; yn Impiraght Raueagh Chasherick; yn Impiraght Romanagh Chasherick; Impiraght Vannee yn Raue; y Chied Reich; First Reich; Reich; HRE; Roman-German Empire; Old Empire; Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; Sankta Romia Imperio de la Germana Nacio; Římsko-německá říše; Svatá říše římská národa německého; د سپېڅلې روم امپراتوري</nowiki>

Latina: Sacrum Imperium Romanum

Formation

Pope Leo VIII of the Holy Roman Church
The Holy Roman Empire during the Ottonian dynasty
The Holy Roman Empire between 972 and 1032
Henry begging Matilda of Tuscany and Hugh of Cluny in Canossa Castle (miniature in an illuminated manuscript kept in the Vatican Library, 1115)

Hohenstaufen dynasty

Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor
The Hohenstaufen-ruled Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Sicily at its greatest extent under Frederick II. Imperial and directly held Hohenstaufen lands in the Empire are shown in bright yellow.
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]

Kingdom of Bohemia

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Interregnum

Pope Clement V of the Holy Roman Church

Changes in political structure

An illustration from Schedelsche Weltchronik depicting the structure of the Reich: The Holy Roman Emperor is sitting; on his right are three ecclesiastics; on his left are four secular electors.

Rise of the territories after the Hohenstaufens

Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV
The Holy Roman Empire when the Golden Bull of 1356 was signed

Imperial Reform

Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick III

Creation of institutions

Innsbruck, most important political centre under Maximilian, seat of the Hofkammer (Court Treasury) and the Court Chancery, which functioned as "the most influential body in Maximilian's government".^[1] Painting of Albrecht Dürer (1496)

Reception of Roman law

Maximilian I paying attention to an execution instead of watching the betrothal of his son Philip the Handsome and Joanna of Castile. The top right corner shows Cain and Abel. Satire against Maximilian's legal reform, associated with imperial tyranny. Created on behalf of the councilors of Augsburg. Plate 89 of Von der Arztney bayder Glück by the de (Petrarcameister).

National political culture

Personification of the Reich as Germania by Jörg Kölderer, 1512.

Imperial power

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Early capitalism

Map of Augsburg, corresponding with the wooden city model made in 1563 by Hans Rogel (Hans Rogel) and now kept in the Maximilianmusem, Augsburg

Antwerp, 1572

Reformation and Renaissance

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
The Holy Roman Empire during the 16th century

Baroque period

Emperor Maximilian II with his family
Religion in the Holy Roman Empire on the eve of the Thirty Years' War
The Empire after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648
L'Empire d'Allemagne (The German Empire), around 1710 by Nicolas de Fer. Map of the empire with Emperor Joseph I and internally highlighted borders.

Modern period

Prussia and Austria

The Austro-Prussian rivalry illustrated as the Austrian elephant vs the Prussian lion

French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution

The Holy Roman Empire before the Napoleonic Wars, 1789
The Battle of Austerlitz, 1805

Religion

Front page of the Peace of Augsburg, which laid the legal groundwork for two co-existing religious confessions (Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism) in the German-speaking members

King of the Romans

The crown of the Holy Roman Empire (latter half of the 10th century), now held in the Schatzkammer (Vienna)

Imperial Diet

The Seven Prince-electors (Codex Balduini Trevirorum, circa 1340
date QS:P,+1340-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902
)

Imperial courts

Reichskammergericht, around 1750

Reichshofrat, around 1700

Imperial circles

A map of the Empire showing division into Circles in 1512

Administrative centres

Vienna, circa 1580 by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg.

Imperial families and dynasties

Hungarian map of parts of the Holy Roman Empire (Német-római Császárság), including Italy, Bohemia (Csehország), and Hungary (Magyarország) under Sigismund in the 15th century
The empire of Charles V at its peak after the Peace of Crépy in 1544
Habsburg domains within the Holy Roman Empire in 1789

↑ Brady, 2009, p. 211

[Brady—2009——211-1] Brady, 2009, p. 211

[1]